{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:07:23Z","timestamp":1753877243383,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI123321","AI138139","AI152220","AI136118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI123321","AI138139","AI152220","AI136118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016230","name":"Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Lyme 62 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lyme 62 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009582","name":"NBIA Disorders Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Evolutionary constraints greatly favor compact genomes that efficiently encode proteins. However, several eukaryotic organisms, including apicomplexan parasites such as\u00a0Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum\u00a0and Babesia duncani, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria and babesiosis, respectively, encode very large proteins, exceeding 20 times their average protein size. Although these large proteins represent &amp;lt;1% of the total protein pool and are generally expressed at low levels, their persistence throughout evolution raises important questions about their functions and possible evolutionary pressures to maintain them. In this study, we examined the trends in gene and protein size, function and expression patterns within seven apicomplexan pathogens. Our analysis revealed that certain large proteins in apicomplexan parasites harbor domains potentially important for functions such as antigenic variation, erythrocyte invasion and immune evasion. However, these domains are not limited to or strictly conserved within large proteins. While some of these proteins are predicted to engage in conventional metabolic pathways within these parasites, others fulfill specialized functions for pathogen\u2013host interactions, nutrient acquisition and overall survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqae032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T10:49:47Z","timestamp":1712227787000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Properties and predicted functions of large genes and proteins of apicomplexan parasites"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1844-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, 06520 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mohseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2696-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Lonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choukri","family":"Ben\u00a0Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, 06520 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040410492633200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.11.010","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"35","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2024040410492633200_B2","first-page":"14","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2022","volume-title":"World Health Organization","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024040410492633200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0025-z","article-title":"Human babesiosis: pathogens, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Ord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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