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In this study, we present the first comprehensive genomic analysis of the IG loci (IGH, IGL, and IGK) in two critically endangered orangutan species; Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) and Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan) across seven genome assemblies. Using IMGT-standardized biocuration framework combined with read-level structural validation, we identified previously undocumented haplotype-specific variation, including multigene duplications and deletions, and expansions of variable gene families within the analyzed assemblies. Recombination signal sequence and switch region analyses revealed conserved regulatory motifs with potential implications for V(D)J recombination and class-switch recombination. These findings underscore the complexity and evolutionary adaptability of IG loci in great apes and highlight the value of orangutans as key references for understanding immune system evolution in the Hominidae lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqag112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:10:29Z","timestamp":1789384229000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of immunoglobulin loci in\n                    <i>Pongo abelii<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Pongo pygmaeus<\/i>\n                    : Insights from multi-genome annotation and IMGT-based curation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shamsa","family":"Batool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6742-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilhem","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chahrazed","family":"Debbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boutayna","family":"Dhioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joumana","family":"Jabado-Michaloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Giudicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Kossida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMGT\u00ae, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System\u00ae, Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), National Center for ScientificResearch (CNRS), University of Montpellier (UM) , 34000 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092805080239200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.046","article-title":"Structure and function of immunoglobulins","volume":"125","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092805080239200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2174\/138920212799860652","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of immunoglobulin-encoding loci in vertebrates","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"key":"2026092805080239200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20819-0","article-title":"Antibody isotype switching in vertebrates","volume-title":"Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. 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