{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:17:27Z","timestamp":1788139047078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Only little research has been conducted on the pharmacological underpinnings of metacognition. Here, we tested the modulatory effects of a single intravenous dose (100\u2009ng\/ml) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-glutamate-receptor antagonist ketamine, a compound known to induce altered states of consciousness, on metacognition and its neural correlates. Fifty-three young, healthy adults completed two study phases of an episodic memory task involving both encoding and retrieval in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Trial-by-trial confidence ratings were collected during retrieval. Effects on the subjective state of consciousness were assessed using the 5D-ASC questionnaire. Confirming that the drug elicited a psychedelic state, there were effects of ketamine on all 5D-ASC scales. Acute ketamine administration during retrieval had deleterious effects on metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d\u2032) and led to larger metacognitive bias, with retrieval performance (d\u2032) and reaction times remaining unaffected. However, there was no ketamine effect on metacognitive efficiency (meta-d\u2032\/d\u2032). Measures of the BOLD signal revealed that ketamine compared to placebo elicited higher activation of posterior cortical brain areas, including superior and inferior parietal lobe, calcarine gyrus, and lingual gyrus, albeit not specific to metacognitive confidence ratings. Ketamine administered during encoding did not significantly affect performance or brain activation. Overall, our findings suggest that ketamine impacts metacognition, leading to significantly larger metacognitive bias and deterioration of metacognitive sensitivity as well as unspecific activation increases in posterior hot zone areas of the neural correlates of consciousness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niaa028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1613025011000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of ketamine on brain function during metacognition of episodic memory"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0685-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Wasserthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achilles","family":"Delis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Trautner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center , Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department for NeuroCognition, Life & Brain Center , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Hurlemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Division of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg , Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg , Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Ettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111716422756800_niaa028-B1","volume-title":"Mini International Interview\u2013German Version 5.0. 0","author":"Ackenheil","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023111716422756800_niaa028-B2","first-page":"251","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111716422756800_niaa028-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1983.tb11031.x","article-title":"The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate","volume":"79","author":"Anis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. 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