{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:39:56Z","timestamp":1791913196243,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT108720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT108720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs)\u2014or hearing voices\u2014occur in clinical and non-clinical populations, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Predictive processing models of psychosis have proposed that hallucinations arise from an over-weighting of prior expectations in perception. It is unknown, however, whether this reflects (i) a sensitivity to explicit modulation of prior knowledge or (ii) a pre-existing tendency to spontaneously use such knowledge in ambiguous contexts. Four experiments were conducted to examine this question in healthy participants listening to ambiguous speech stimuli. In experiments 1a (n\u2009=\u200960) and 1b (n\u2009=\u200960), participants discriminated intelligible and unintelligible sine-wave speech before and after exposure to the original language templates (i.e. a modulation of expectation). No relationship was observed between top-down modulation and two common measures of hallucination-proneness. Experiment 2 (n\u2009=\u200999) confirmed this pattern with a different stimulus\u2014sine-vocoded speech (SVS)\u2014that was designed to minimize ceiling effects in discrimination and more closely model previous top-down effects reported in psychosis. In Experiment 3 (n\u2009=\u2009134), participants were exposed to SVS without prior knowledge that it contained speech (i.e. na\u00efve listening). AVH-proneness significantly predicted both pre-exposure identification of speech and successful recall for words hidden in SVS, indicating that participants could actually decode the hidden signal spontaneously. Altogether, these findings support a pre-existing tendency to spontaneously draw upon prior knowledge in healthy people prone to AVH, rather than a sensitivity to temporary modulations of expectation. We propose a model of clinical and non-clinical hallucinations, across auditory and visual modalities, with testable predictions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niac002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T01:37:26Z","timestamp":1644370646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Susceptibility to auditory hallucinations is associated with spontaneous but not directed modulation of top-down expectations for speech"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Alderson-Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Durham University , Durham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Moffatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Durham University , Durham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Sussex , Brighton, 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