{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:51:13Z","timestamp":1791499873405,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-dual awareness (NDA) refers to a shift in consciousness in which the usual distinction between subject and object dissolves, and experience is no longer structured by conceptual mediation or goal-directed regulation. Meling enactivist model describes NDA as a meditative disclosure of groundlessness\u2014the recognition of emptiness (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101), that all phenomena lack intrinsic nature. While enactivism explains autonomy through process closure, this article argues that constraint closure, as developed by Nave, extends that framework by making explicit how autonomy is sustained through the continual regeneration of its own relational conditions. This refinement prevents process-closure models from being read in substantialist terms when applied to complex cognitive systems, where stability arises through ongoing transformation rather than fixed organization. Nave\u2019s account builds on Juarrero theory of constraint causality, which replaces intrinsic forces with relational conditions\u2014a view that parallels N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2019s Madhyamaka analysis of dependent origination. Integrating these perspectives, I propose that NDA corresponds to a shift from decoupled to precarious constraints, revealing that cognition and awareness persist not through intrinsic foundations but through the dynamic regeneration of interdependent relations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niaf068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T13:03:55Z","timestamp":1766581435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling non-dual awareness\n                    <i>via<\/i>\n                    constraint closure: a reinterpretation of groundlessness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9931-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiana","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Amherst College , 25 East Drive, Amherst, MA 01002 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/105971230934381","article-title":"Defining agency: individuality, normativity, asymmetry, and spatio-temporality in action","volume":"17","author":"Barandiaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adapt Behav"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00912","article-title":"Alterations in the sense of time, space, and body in the mindfulness-trained brain: a neurophenomenologically guided MEG study","volume":"4","author":"Berkovich-Ohana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref3","volume-title":"Comparative Philosophy without Borders","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190217013.001.0001","volume-title":"Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind","author":"Clark","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"niac013","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niac013","article-title":"Beyond the veil of duality: topographic reorganization model of meditation","volume":"2022","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Conscious"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.001","article-title":"Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice","volume":"19","author":"Dahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118324004.ch38","volume-title":"A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy","author":"Davis","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-007-9076-9","article-title":"Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition","volume":"6","author":"De Jaegher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-005-9002-y","article-title":"Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency","volume":"4","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref10","first-page":"68","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198786849.001.0001","volume-title":"Sensorimotor Life: An Enactive Proposal","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11244.001.0001","volume-title":"Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life and Language","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00582","article-title":"Mindfulness-induced selflessness: a MEG neurophenomenological study","volume":"7","author":"Dor-Ziderman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2263-5_18","volume-title":"Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation","author":"Dunne","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.021","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: a review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations","volume":"65","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","article-title":"The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?","volume":"11","author":"Friston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.19.1.01fro","article-title":"The enactive approach: theoretical sketches from cell to society","volume":"19","author":"Froese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pragmat Cogn"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103175.001.0001","volume-title":"The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2019s M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101","author":"Garfield","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/pew.2003.0004","article-title":"N\u0101g\u0101rjuna and the limits of thought","volume":"53","author":"Garfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos East West"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000615","article-title":"The nondual awareness dimensional assessment (NADA)","volume":"30","author":"Hanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199682737.001.0001","volume-title":"The Predictive Mind","author":"Hohwy","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref1j","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume":"5","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00183"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12261","article-title":"Neural correlates of nondual awareness in meditation","volume":"1307","author":"Josipovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.10.021","article-title":"Nondual awareness: consciousness-as-such as non-representational reflexivity","volume":"244","author":"Josipovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"niab031","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niab031","article-title":"Implicit\u2013explicit gradient of nondual awareness","volume":"2021","author":"Josipovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Conscious"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02087","article-title":"Nondual awareness and minimal phenomenal experience","volume":"11","author":"Josipovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2528.001.0001","volume-title":"Dynamics in Action: Intentional Behavior as a Complex System","author":"Juarrero","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14630.001.0001","volume-title":"Context Changes Everything: How Constraints Create Coherence","author":"Juarrero","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001","volume-title":"The Origins of Order","author":"Kauffman","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.021","article-title":"From many to (n)one","volume":"128","author":"Laukkonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00178","article-title":"Review of the neural oscillations underlying meditation","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref33","first-page":"31","article-title":"Neurophenomenology","volume":"10","author":"Lutz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref34","first-page":"499","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness","author":"Lutz","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039585","article-title":"Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices","volume":"70","author":"Lutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4","volume-title":"Autopoiesis and Cognition","author":"Maturana","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697821","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.697821","article-title":"Knowing groundlessness","volume":"12","author":"Meling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2015.02.029","article-title":"Biological organisation as closure of constraints","volume":"372","author":"Mont\u00e9vil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9837-2","volume-title":"Biological Autonomy","author":"Moreno","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/15519.001.0001","volume-title":"A Drive to Survive","author":"Nave","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060819","article-title":"Self-boundary dissolution in meditation","volume":"11","author":"Nave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xxxv","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9739.003.0003","volume-title":"The Embodied Mind","author":"Rosch","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref43","volume-title":"Life Itself","author":"Rosen","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref44","volume-title":"N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2019s Middle Way","author":"Siderits","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref45","volume-title":"Mind in Life","author":"Thompson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref46","volume-title":"Why I am Not a Buddhist","author":"Thompson","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.006","article-title":"A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness","volume":"27","author":"Timmermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.01.007","article-title":"Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending","volume":"19","author":"Travis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14875.001.0001","volume-title":"Principles of Biological Autonomy","author":"Varela","year":"1979","edition":"Revised"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262529365.001.0001","volume-title":"The Embodied Mind","author":"Varela","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref51","first-page":"175","article-title":"The Buddhist tradition of samatha","volume":"6","author":"Wallace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195375213.003.0001","volume-title":"N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2019s Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction","author":"Westerhoff","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33735\/phimisci.2021.81","article-title":"The neural correlates of consciousness under the free energy principle","volume":"2","author":"Wiese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos Mind Sci"},{"key":"2026012007093600900_ref1y"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience of Consciousness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niaf068\/66472626\/niaf068.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niaf068\/66472626\/niaf068.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1768910988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nc\/niaf068\/8431344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niaf068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"niaf068"}}