{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:06:04Z","timestamp":1784138764243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":195,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122R049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122R049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Programme","award":["122R049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122R049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, the Consciousness States Comparison Scale: REM Version (CSCS-REM) was developed as a self-report instrument to assess dream consciousness during REM sleep in comparison with waking consciousness. Existing instruments capture only limited aspects of phenomenology and provide few opportunities for systematic cross-state evaluation. By anchoring waking consciousness as a reference point, the CSCS-REM quantifies relative differences in phenomenological experience and serves as a tool for empirically testing the predictions of the continuity and discontinuity hypotheses in consciousness research. The item pool was derived from a systematic review, expert evaluations, and preliminary studies, with content validity ensured through expert panels. After pilot testing, the 63-item draft was administered online, and data from 432 participants were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The final version consisted of 35 items across eight subscales: Metacognitive Awareness, Cognitive Fluency, Memory, Temporal Awareness, Spatial Awareness, Emotional Awareness, Perceptual and Bodily Senses, and Interoceptive and Chemical Senses. This structure accounted for 56.04% of the variance, with Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 ranging from .736 to .915 and McDonald\u2019s \u03c9 from .639 to .901. Confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (n\u00a0=\u2009211) demonstrated excellent fit indices (Comparative Fit Index\u2009=\u2009.986, Tucker-Lewis Index\u2009=\u2009.984, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation\u2009=\u2009.059). Subscales of the CSCS-REM showed small to moderate, yet significant, correlations with the Bodily Self-Consciousness in Dreams Questionnaire and the Dream Reflective Awareness Questionnaire, supporting convergent validity. In conclusion, while subject to some limitations, the CSCS-REM is a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument that enables systematic comparison of REM dream consciousness and waking consciousness across shared phenomenological dimensions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:50:40Z","timestamp":1783511440000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging dream and wake states: a new tool for consciousness research"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8563-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Temel Ba\u015fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1478-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcls\u00fcm","family":"Uzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansa","family":"\u015eent\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5293-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2599-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba \u0130kbal","family":"Yayla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CogRes Lab, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Dikmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil Aziz","family":"Velio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erol","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4292-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00fctf\u00fc","family":"Hano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition Research Center (BEYKOG), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.118.3062.273","article-title":"Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep","volume":"118","author":"Aserinsky","year":"1953","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)92008-4","article-title":"Trait and neurobiological correlates of individual differences in dream recall and dream content","volume":"92","author":"Blagrove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1985.61.3.823","article-title":"Individual differences in memory for dreams: the role of cognitive skills","volume":"61","author":"Butler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq010","article-title":"The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas","volume":"133","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine","author":"Cartwright","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00054-2"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.05.013","article-title":"Relation of dreams to waking concerns","volume":"141","author":"Cartwright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2000.0471","article-title":"Consciousness during dreams","volume":"10","author":"Cicogna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1971.33.3.867","article-title":"Dream recall and short-term memory","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2014.12.002","article-title":"Remembering, imagining, false memories, and personal meanings","volume":"33","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.2.261","article-title":"The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system","volume":"107","author":"Conway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref11","volume-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","author":"DeVellis","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009464416649","article-title":"A new neurocognitive theory of dreams","volume":"11","author":"Domhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10463-000","article-title":"The scientific study of dreams: neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis","author":"Domhoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2010.01.010","article-title":"Dream content is continuous with waking thought, based on preoccupations, concerns, and interests","volume":"5","author":"Domhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.03.001","article-title":"The neural substrate for dreaming: is it a subsystem of the default network?","volume":"20","author":"Domhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000047","article-title":"The invasion of the concept snatchers: the origins, distortions, and future of the continuity hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Domhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.13.4.277","article-title":"Metacognition: defining its facets and levels of functioning in relation to self-regulation and co-regulation","volume":"13","author":"Efklides","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.6","article-title":"Resting brain activity varies with dream recall frequency between subjects","volume":"39","author":"Eichenlaub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000217","article-title":"Bodily self-consciousness in dreams questionnaire (BSD-Q) and its relation to waking dissociative experiences","volume":"33","author":"Erdeniz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.01013","article-title":"Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity","volume":"4","author":"Erlacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.005","article-title":"White dreams are made of colours: what studying contentless dreams can teach about the neural basis of dreaming and conscious experiences","volume":"43","author":"Fazekas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.8.1","article-title":"The mind in REM sleep: reports of emotional experience","volume":"24","author":"Fosse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321107774","article-title":"Dreaming and episodic memory: a functional dissociation?","volume":"15","author":"Fosse","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/09541449008406196","article-title":"Dreaming and consciousness","volume":"2","author":"Foulkes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00412","article-title":"Dreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports","volume":"7","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref27","volume-title":"The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00714","article-title":"The measurement of consciousness: a framework for the scientific study of consciousness","volume":"5","author":"Gamez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2015.10292","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the dream reflective awareness questionnaire (DRAQ)","volume":"53","author":"Gen\u00e7","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00f6ropsikiyatri Ar\u015fivi"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2023.103608","article-title":"Acetylcholine and metacognition during sleep","volume":"117","author":"Gott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref31","volume-title":"The Individual and his Dreams","author":"Hall","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009400805830","article-title":"We do not dream of the 3 R\u2019s: implications for the nature of dreaming mentation","volume":"10","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref34","volume-title":"The Dreaming Brain","author":"Hobson","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040921","article-title":"Dreaming as delirium: a mental status analysis of our nightly madness","volume":"17","author":"Hobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2716","article-title":"REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness","volume":"10","author":"Hobson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.05.003","article-title":"Waking and dreaming consciousness: neurobiological and functional considerations","volume":"98","author":"Hobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00003976","article-title":"Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states","volume":"23","author":"Hobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01133","article-title":"Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming","volume":"5","author":"Hobson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585702","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.585702","article-title":"The dreamland: validation of a structured dream diary","volume":"11","author":"Holzinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00159","article-title":"Consciousness across sleep and wake: discontinuity and continuity of memory experiences as a reflection of consolidation processes","volume":"8","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Describing Inner Experience? Proponent Meets Skeptic","author":"Hurlburt","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7517.001.0001"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.02.007","article-title":"Phenomenological features of dreams: results from dream log studies using the subjective experiences rating scale (SERS)","volume":"41","author":"Kahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.09.002","article-title":"Dreaming and waking: similarities and differences revisited","volume":"20","author":"Kahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.11.005","article-title":"Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: a psychometric analysis of the metacognitive, affective, cognitive experience (MACE) questionnaire","volume":"21","author":"Kahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1996.0274","article-title":"Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: an exploratory study","volume":"6","author":"Kahan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00213.x","article-title":"Dreaming and waking consciousness: a character recognition study","volume":"9","author":"Kahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073908100432","article-title":"Remembering the details: effects of emotion","volume":"1","author":"Kensinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.22","article-title":"Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems","volume":"17","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness","author":"Koriat","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816789.012"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2022.2090391","article-title":"The maturing science of consciousness","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J R Soc N Z"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039147","article-title":"Continuity of reflective awareness across waking and dreaming states","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref53","volume-title":"Paper presented at: 24th Annual Conference of the International Association for the Study of Dreams","author":"Lee"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.3.482","article-title":"Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model","volume":"133","author":"Levin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/1053-0797.17.2.87","article-title":"Gravity content in dreams","volume":"17","author":"Maggiolini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.103071","article-title":"Dreams reflect nocturnal cognitive processes: early-night dreams are more continuous with waking life, and late-night dreams are more emotional and hyperassociative","volume":"88","author":"Malinowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref57","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Dreaming as Cognition","author":"Meier","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2183914","article-title":"What is it like to be a bat?","volume":"83","author":"Nagel","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247506","article-title":"Assessment of dream-related aspects and beliefs in a large cohort of French students using a validated French version of the Mannheim dream questionnaire","volume":"16","author":"Napias","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-022-01722-7","article-title":"The route to recall a dream: theoretical considerations and methodological implications","volume":"87","author":"Nemeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00106","article-title":"Variations in dream recall frequency and dream theme diversity by age and sex","volume":"3","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DREM.0000003144.40929.0b","article-title":"The typical dreams of Canadian university students","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00421.x","article-title":"Immediate and delayed incorporations of events into dreams: further replication and implications for dream function","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.001","article-title":"Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology","volume":"14","author":"Nir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2016.1213800","article-title":"Phenomenal consciousness in dreams and in mind wandering","volume":"29","author":"Occhionero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/1053-0797.15.2.106","article-title":"Individual differences in the range of sensory modalities experienced in dreams","volume":"15","author":"Okada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0629-8","volume-title":"Quantifying Consciousness: An Empirical Approach","author":"Pekala","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20147","article-title":"The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Polit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20199","article-title":"Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Polit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.3.423","article-title":"Dream self-reflectiveness as a learned cognitive skill","volume":"9","author":"Purcell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref71","first-page":"197","volume-title":"The Functions of Dreaming","author":"Purcell","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/1.1.97","article-title":"The single-mindedness and isolation of dreams","volume":"1","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089508573144","article-title":"Consciousness, dreams and virtual realities","volume":"8","author":"Revonsuo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Philos Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00004015","article-title":"The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming","volume":"23","author":"Revonsuo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref75","volume-title":"Inner Presence: Consciousness as a Biological Phenomenon","author":"Revonsuo"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318249d0a7","article-title":"Unresponsiveness \u2260 unconsciousness","volume":"116","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13429","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13429","article-title":"The impact of the end of COVID confinement on pandemic dreams, as assessed by a weekly sleep diary: a longitudinal investigation in Italy","volume":"31","author":"Scarpelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4321\/s0213-61632013000400004","article-title":"Seeking professional help for nightmares: a representative study","volume":"27","author":"Schredl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1998.0356","article-title":"Emotions in diary dreams","volume":"7","author":"Schredl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8100(02)00072-7","article-title":"Continuity between waking activities and dream activities","volume":"12","author":"Schredl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.105.2.657-660","article-title":"Prevalence of flying dreams","volume":"105","author":"Schredl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00626.x","article-title":"Gender differences in dream recall: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Schredl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2190\/ic.29.3.f","article-title":"The continuity between waking mood and dream emotions: direct and second-order effects","volume":"29","author":"Schredl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Imagin Cogn Pers"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00035-X","article-title":"Gender differences in dreams: do they reflect gender differences in waking life?","volume":"25","author":"Schredl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398212818816019","DOI":"10.1177\/2398212818816019","article-title":"Consciousness: the last 50 years (and the next)","volume":"2","author":"Seth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci Adv"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00542","article-title":"Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm","volume":"4","author":"Siclari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"niab009","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niab009","article-title":"No validity without a theory: a critical look at subjective measures of consciousness","volume":"2021","author":"Sk\u00f3ra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Conscious"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref88","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Dreams: Understanding Biology, Psychology, and Culture","author":"Solomonova","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1994.1005","article-title":"A new approach to dream bizarreness: graphing continuity and discontinuity of visual attention in narrative reports","volume":"3","author":"Sutton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Open MIND","author":"Thompson","DOI":"10.15502\/9783958570351"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.04.011","article-title":"Consciousness and sleep","volume":"112","author":"Tononi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref92","author":"Troester","journal-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.98","article-title":"Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness","volume":"131","author":"Vaitl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8100(03)00019-9","article-title":"The threat simulation theory of the evolutionary function of dreaming: evidence from dreams of traumatized children","volume":"14","author":"Valli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.11.001","article-title":"Measuring consciousness in dreams: the lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale","volume":"22","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00637","article-title":"Dreaming, waking conscious experience, and the resting brain: report of subjective experience as a tool in the cognitive neurosciences","volume":"4","author":"Wamsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0433-5","article-title":"Dreaming and offline memory consolidation","volume":"14","author":"Wamsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.045","article-title":"Dreaming and offline memory processing","volume":"20","author":"Wamsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.1.59","article-title":"Cognitive replay of visuomotor learning at sleep onset: temporal dynamics and relationship to task performance","volume":"33","author":"Wamsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.027","article-title":"Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation","volume":"20","author":"Wamsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00708","article-title":"Reporting dream experience: why (not) to be skeptical about dream reports","volume":"7","author":"Windt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026071513201273800_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12661","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12661","article-title":"Consciousness in sleep: how findings from sleep and dream research challenge our understanding of sleep, waking, and consciousness","volume":"15","author":"Windt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos Compass"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience of Consciousness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niag038\/68911356\/niag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niag038\/68911356\/niag038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:20:23Z","timestamp":1784136023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nc\/niag038\/8735040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niag038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"niag038"}}