{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T12:36:15Z","timestamp":1786710975827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":225,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with severe anterograde amnesia have been described as \u2018stuck in time\u2019; their mental time travel abilities are altered, and they seem to live in the present. Here, we examine an unusual phenomenon in which severely amnesic patients recurrently report the belief that they have just awakened from an unconscious state. A famous case illustrating this phenomenon was that of Clive Wearing who repeatedly wrote \u2018I am now awake\u2019 in his diary. This unique cognitive phenomenon has not been specifically studied until now. We report three new patients who described similar subjective experiences. All three patients suffered from autoimmune encephalitis and showed massive bilateral hippocampal inflammation causing severe anterograde amnesia. We propose to call this phenomenon \u2018Stream of Consciousness Impairment\u2019, a reference to William James\u2019s theory according to which, normally, we experience an uninterrupted flow of consciousness. This condition should be added to the spectrum of neurological symptoms that contribute to the study of memory and consciousness in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niag049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:52:23Z","timestamp":1784807543000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subjective experience of \u2018Stream of Consciousness Impairment\u2019 in three patients with severe amnesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Servais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Toulouse , CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, CHU Purpan, Pavillon Baudot, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fleur","family":"G\u00e9rard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Mirabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Wolfrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Bost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Bonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Pariente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Purpan University Hospital , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Univ Toulouse, ToNIC, UMR 1214 Inserm , Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel J","family":"Barbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Toulouse , CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, CHU Purpan, Pavillon Baudot, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31300 Toulouse ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00591-8","article-title":"The anterior thalamic nuclei: Core components of a tripartite episodic memory system","volume":"23","author":"Aggleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108728","article-title":"Converging diencephalic and hippocampal supports for episodic memory","volume":"191","author":"Aggleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/13554791003623318","article-title":"Bilateral hippocampal lesion and a selective impairment of the ability for mental time travel","volume":"16","author":"Andelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhag069","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhag069","article-title":"Diencephalic integrity explains aspects of hippocampal amnesia","volume":"36","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S130078","article-title":"Korsakoff\u2019s syndrome: A critical review","volume":"13","author":"Arts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000319","article-title":"Consciousness as a memory system","volume":"35","author":"Budson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1162\/JOCN.a.2429","article-title":"Perception, memory, simulation, and consciousness: A convergence of theories","volume":"38","author":"Budson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab038","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab038","article-title":"The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia: A combined series of 115 cases and literature review","volume":"3","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref9","volume-title":"Permanent Present Tense: The Unforgettable Life of the Amnesic Patient, H.M","author":"Corkin","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.004","article-title":"Individuals with episodic amnesia are not stuck in time","volume":"57","author":"Craver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.01.005","article-title":"The hippocampus, a time machine that makes errors","volume":"17","author":"Dalla Barba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.12.007","article-title":"Memory on time","volume":"17","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3827","article-title":"Time cells in the hippocampus: A new dimension for mapping memories","volume":"15","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00111","article-title":"Memory, amnesia, and the past","volume":"14","author":"Hoerl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mind Lang"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref15","volume-title":"Zur Ph\u00e4nomenologie Des Inneren Zeitbewusstseins","author":"Husserl","year":"1966"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10538-000","volume-title":"The Principles of Psychology","author":"James","year":"1890"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00007","article-title":"Involuntary cognitions in everyday life: Exploration of type, quality, content, and function","volume":"6","author":"Krans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.010","article-title":"The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state","volume":"9","author":"Laureys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192868244.001.0001","volume-title":"Aranzio\u2019s Seahorse and the Search for Memory and Consciousness","author":"McComas","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1812-17.2018","article-title":"Mind-wandering in people with hippocampal damage","volume":"38","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90021-3","article-title":"Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M","volume":"6","author":"Milner","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz099","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): Consensus working group report","volume":"142","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41662","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041662","article-title":"Hippocampal volume asymmetry in Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Pusparani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl105","article-title":"What does transient global amnesia really mean? Review of the literature and thorough study of 142 cases","volume":"129","author":"Quinette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(73)90020-6","article-title":"Time reproductions by H.M","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-032420-032236","article-title":"Self-continuity","volume":"74","author":"Sedikides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195134971.003.0020","volume-title":"Principles of Frontal Lobe Function","author":"Tulving","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026081407561086500_ref28","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Broken Memories: Case Studies in Memory Impairment","author":"Wilson","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience of Consciousness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niag049\/70650288\/niag049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article-pdf\/2026\/1\/niag049\/70650288\/niag049.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:56:16Z","timestamp":1786708576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nc\/niag049\/8761600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niag049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"niag049"}}