{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T20:54:00Z","timestamp":1786568040085,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The DIPAK Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002997","name":"Dutch Kidney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP10.12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP10.12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002997","name":"Dutch Kidney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP15.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP15.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch government","award":["LSHM15018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSHM15018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014382","name":"Ipsen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Otsuka Pharmaceuticals"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002997","name":"Dutch Kidney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18OKG04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18OKG04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), hypertension is prevalent and cardiovascular events are the main cause of death. Thiazide diuretics are often prescribed as second-line antihypertensives, on top of renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade. There is a concern, however, that diuretics may increase vasopressin concentration and RAAS activity, thereby worsening disease progression in ADPKD. We aimed to investigate the validity of these suggestions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed an observational cohort of 533 ADPKD patients. Plasma copeptin (surrogate for vasopressin), aldosterone and renin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association of thiazide use with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and Cox proportional hazards models for the association with the composite kidney endpoint of incident end-stage kidney disease, 40% eGFR decline or death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 23% of participants (n\u2009=\u2009125) used thiazide diuretics at baseline. Compared with non-users, thiazide users were older, a larger proportion was male, they had lower eGFRs and similar blood pressure under more antihypertensives. Plasma copeptin was higher, but this difference disappeared after adjustment for age and sex. Both renin and aldosterone were higher in thiazide users. There was no difference between thiazide users and non-users in the rate of eGFR decline {difference \u22120.35\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m2 per year [95% confidence interval (CI) \u22120.83 to \u20130.14], P\u2009=\u20090.2} during 3.9\u2009years of follow-up (interquartile range 2.5\u20134.9). This did not change after adjustment for potential confounders [difference final model: 0.08\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m2 per year [95% CI \u22120.46 to \u20130.62], P\u2009=\u20090.8). In the crude model, thiazide use was associated with a higher incidence of the composite kidney endpoint [hazard ratio (HR) 1.53 (95% CI 1.05\u20132.23), P\u2009=\u20090.03]. However, this association lost significance after adjustment for age and sex and remained unassociated after adjustment for additional confounders [final model: HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.50\u20131.29), P\u2009=\u20090.4].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These data do not show that thiazide diuretics have a detrimental effect on the rate of disease progression in ADPKD and suggest that these drugs can be prescribed as second-line antihypertensives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T11:07:21Z","timestamp":1590404841000},"page":"1828-1836","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Thiazide diuretics and the rate of disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Bart J","family":"Kramers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris W","family":"Koorevaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"De Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8738-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewout J","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron T","family":"Gansevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the DIPAK Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60601-1","article-title":"Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"369","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.330","article-title":"Renal structure and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Gabow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr467","article-title":"Changes in causes of death and risk of cancer in Danish patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease","volume":"27","author":"Orskov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.59","article-title":"Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): executive summary from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"88","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001841.pub3","article-title":"First-line drugs for hypertension","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001961","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH\/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007060693","article-title":"Effects of dietary sodium and hydrochlorothiazide on the antiproteinuric efficacy of losartan","volume":"19","author":"Vogt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03960318","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Chebib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.07.037","article-title":"Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: core curriculum 2016","volume":"67","author":"Chebib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318074f934","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between tolvaptan, a non-peptide AVP antagonist, and furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide","volume":"50","author":"Shoaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000423","article-title":"Thiazide-induced hyponatraemia is associated with increased water intake and impaired urea-mediated water excretion at low plasma antidiuretic hormone and urine aquaporin-2","volume":"33","author":"Frenkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb03328.x","article-title":"Abnormal vasopressin and aldosterone response to furosemide in essential hypertension","volume":"219","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1985.tb03255.x","article-title":"Abnormal renal sodium excretion in the nephrotic syndrome after furosemide: relation to glomerular filtration rate","volume":"217","author":"Danielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516663779","article-title":"Elevation of arginine vasopressin levels following loop diuretic therapy as a prognostic indicator in heart failure","volume":"44","author":"Kitada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.011","article-title":"Rationale and design of the DIPAK 1 study: a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the efficacy of lanreotide to Halt disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"63","author":"Meijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008050507","article-title":"Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD","volume":"20","author":"Pei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.04.027","article-title":"Effect of a somatostatin analogue on the vasopressin pathway in patients with ADPKD","volume":"4","author":"Messchendorp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.15870","article-title":"Effect of lanreotide on kidney function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the DIPAK 1 randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Meijer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-3-200602070-00007","article-title":"Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"144","author":"Sands","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101138","article-title":"Imaging classification of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a simple model for selecting patients for clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Irazabal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205511","article-title":"Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"367","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710030","article-title":"Tolvaptan in later-stage autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"377","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89812","article-title":"Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"127","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B24","first-page":"1702","volume-title":"Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA et al. Brenner and Rector\u2019s the Kidney.","author":"Hoorn","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00512.x","article-title":"Thiazide and loop diuretics","volume":"13","author":"Sica","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00328-5","article-title":"Antidiuretic action of vasopressin: quantitative aspects and interaction between V1a and V2 receptor-mediated effects","volume":"51","author":"Bankir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2008.08126.x","article-title":"The silent epidemic of thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"10","author":"Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.13","article-title":"Cardiovascular abnormalities in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Ecder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402686","article-title":"Angiotensin blockade in late autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"371","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402114666180322110209","article-title":"Determinants of progression in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: is it blood pressure or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockade?","volume":"14","author":"Brosnahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rev"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015010016","article-title":"The PROPKD score: a new algorithm to predict renal survival in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Cornec-Le Gall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-0957-7","article-title":"Case report: a thiazide diuretic to treat polyuria induced by tolvaptan","volume":"19","author":"Kramers","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2021092718222145400_gfaa150-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1669-9","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide ameliorates polyuria caused by tolvaptan treatment of polycystic kidney disease in PCK rats","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/36\/10\/1828\/40448905\/gfaa150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/36\/10\/1828\/40448905\/gfaa150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1632778234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/36\/10\/1828\/5956378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}