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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a vagal neuro-immune circuit that upholds the homoeostatic balance of inflammatory activity in response to cell injury and pathogens. CAP models have been examined in preclinical studies to investigate its significance in a range of clinical inflammatory conditions and diseases. More recently, cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) implants have been shown to be of potential benefit for patients with chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously shown that dialysis patients have a functional CAP ex vivo. Here we review the field and the potential role of the CAP in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as in hypertension. We also present a VNS pilot study in haemodialysis patients. Controlling inflammation by neuroimmune modulation may lead to new therapeutic modalities for improved treatment, outcome, prognosis and quality of life for patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T11:10:43Z","timestamp":1594293043000},"page":"1840-1852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in chronic kidney disease\u2014review and vagus nerve stimulation clinical pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Hilderman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Bruchfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110509413911200_gfaa200-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.07.012","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"96","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2020110509413911200_gfaa200-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2020110509413911200_gfaa200-B3"},{"key":"2020110509413911200_gfaa200-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. 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