{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:40Z","timestamp":1760985940663},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Giovanni Battista Morgagni","award":["1682\u20131771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1682\u20131771"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In 1981, Weinsier and Krumdieck described death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition in two chronically malnourished, but stable, patients given aggressive total parenteral nutrition. This was the birth of what is now called the refeeding syndrome, a nutrition-related disorder associated with severe electrolyte disturbances.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that refeeding syndrome was first described medically in Florence by Antonio Benivieni in 1507 in his book On Some Hidden and Remarkable Causes of Diseases and Cures.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>What we now know as refeeding syndrome was described in Report No. LVII of that book. The condition occurred as a result of the famine that affected Florence in 1496. The report documents (i) death due to starvation, (ii) death due to ingestion of deteriorated\/toxic foods (inevitable in times of famine when healthy food is scarce), (iii) death caused by excessive food ingestion after forced, prolonged abstinence from food in adults, (iv) the death of breast-fed children and of their starved mothers eating to satiety and (v) the more favourable clinical outcome of those admitted to hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>It is possible that Benivieni was inspired by the description of the deaths of starved deserters in the book The Jewish War (70 AD) by the Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. Nevertheless, Benivieni wrote the first medical account of the central clinical features of refeeding syndrome. The main, broad clinical aspects of refeeding syndrome, described by Weinsier and Krumdieck in 1981, had been documented in medical literature four centuries earlier by Benivieni.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T12:10:01Z","timestamp":1603973401000},"page":"1411-1416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Refeeding syndrome as described in 1507 by Antonio Benivieni in Florence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Natale G","family":"De Santo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus Professor Division of Nephrology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Bisaccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired Professor of French Literature Mazzini Institute , Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm E","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired Nephrologist and Medical Director of Charing Cross and Hammersmith Hospitals Trust , London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca S","family":"De Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor Division of Heart Surgery, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.393","article-title":"Death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition","volume":"34","author":"Weinsier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B2","article-title":"De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis","author":"Benivieni","year":"1507"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.137","article-title":"Acute hypophosphatemia","volume":"22","author":"Ritz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00418-X","article-title":"Refeeding Trial Investigator group. Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Doig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.05.016","article-title":"Revisiting the refeeding syndrome: results of a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Friedli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32776-4","article-title":"Individualized nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"393","author":"Schuetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a301","article-title":"Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it","volume":"336","author":"Mehanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70153-2","article-title":"Severe hypophosphatemia in children with kwashiorkor is associated with increased mortality","volume":"133","author":"Manary","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318242fe1d","article-title":"Refeeding syndrome in children in developing countries who have celiac disease","volume":"54","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.28","article-title":"Refeeding syndrome in very-low-birthweight intrauterine growth-restricted neonates","volume":"33","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4435.4","article-title":"Observations on cases of starvation at Belsen","volume":"1","author":"Mollison","year":"1946","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4485.953","article-title":"Medicine in Dachau","volume":"2","author":"Rosencher","year":"1946","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(46)91839-9","article-title":"Malnutrition in released prisoners-of-war and internees at Singapore","volume":"248","author":"Mitchell","year":"1946","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)92211-3","article-title":"Malnutrition in Indian prisoners-of-war in the far East: a survey of 2000 cases","volume":"249","author":"Walters","year":"1947","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-35-1-69","article-title":"A clinical study of malnutrition in Japanese prisoners of war","volume":"35","author":"Schnitker","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/46.1.65","article-title":"Patterns of disease among World War II prisoners of the Japanese: hunger, weight loss, and deficiency diseases in two camps","volume":"46","author":"Roland","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1948.02890520001001","article-title":"Drastic food restriction","volume":"137","author":"Brozek","year":"1948","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv9b2tqv","volume-title":"The Biology of Human Starvation","author":"Keys","year":"1950"},{"key":"2022072612293792300_gfaa295-B19","volume-title":"What Is Famine, and How We Can Stop It","author":"Huftstader","year":"14  2020. .. 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