{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:29:45Z","timestamp":1790807385162,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have recently become a cornerstone for the treatment of different advanced cancers. These drugs have the ability to reactivate the immune system against tumour cells but can also trigger a myriad of side effects, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Although there are numerous reports of CPI-related endocrinopathies, hypercalcaemia as a suspected irAE is not well documented. The mechanisms of CPI hypercalcaemia are not clearly established. However, in our review, four distinct causes emerged: endocrine disease-related, sarcoid-like granuloma, humoral hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid-related hormone and hyperprogressive disease following CPI initiation. Prompt recognition of hypercalcaemia and the institution of therapy can be lifesaving, affording the opportunity to address the underlying aetiology. In this review we discuss the incidence, diagnosis and management of immune-related hypercalcaemia in oncological patients receiving CPI agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1606168519000},"page":"1598-1608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2013associated hypercalcaemia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Izzedine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Peupliers Private Hospital, Ramsay G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Sant\u00e9 , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibaud","family":"Chazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimda","family":"Wanchoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Northwell Health , Great Neck, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenar D","family":"Jhaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Northwell Health , Great Neck, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082302373890300_gfaa326-B1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Incidence of hypocalcemia and hypercalcaemia in hospitalized patients: is it changing?","volume":"13","author":"Catalano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022082302373890300_gfaa326-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08173.x","article-title":"Haematological emergencies managing hypercalcaemia in adults and children with haematological disorders","volume":"149","author":"Sargent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2022082302373890300_gfaa326-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp042806","article-title":"Hypercalcaemia associated with cancer","volume":"352","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022082302373890300_gfaa326-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-7-499","article-title":"Cancer-associated hypercalcaemia: morbidity and mortality. 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