{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1749024657600},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To a great extent, the conceptual evolution of acid\u2013base homeostasis has been shaped by progress in chemistry. It began with the theoretical consideration of matter by the natural philosophers of antiquity, progressed into an observational craft as chymistry during the Scientific Revolution, evolved into analytical chemistry in the Enlightenment when acid\u2013alkali interactions began to be deciphered, then was clearly exposed in the organic chemistry of the 19th century and ultimately formulated in mathematical precision as the chemical equations of physical chemistry in the 20th century. Two principal transformational changes shaped their clinical application. The first, launched by the Chemical Revolution of Antoine Lavoisier, introduced quantitation, clarified the language and added experimental rigor to chemical studies, which Claude Bernard then introduced into physiology, formulated the concept of regulatory homeostasis, refined experimental medicine and explored the role of the kidney in acid\u2013base balance. The second transformational change in their gradual clinical applicability began in electrochemical studies that revived the atomic composition of matter and introduced the notion of ions and electrolytes that were fundamental in formulating the concept of acid\u2013base ionization by Svante Arrhenius in 1884 and their measurement from hydrogen ion concentration as pH by S\u00f8ren S\u00f8rensen in 1909. Subsequent studies of Lawrence J. Henderson and Donald D. van Slyke introduced these laboratory-based conceptual advances to the bedside in the 20th century. Clinical studies of acidosis and alkalosis that followed over the past few decades have facilitated and refined the clinical recognition, interpretation and treatment of acid\u2013base disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T20:12:34Z","timestamp":1643055154000},"page":"1816-1823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acid\u2013base homeostasis: a historical inquiry of its origins and conceptual evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Garabed","family":"Eknoyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Selzman Institute of Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/279333","article-title":"The fitness of the environment, an inquiry into the biological significance of the properties of matter","volume":"47","author":"Henderson","year":"1913","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib2","first-page":"449","article-title":"Historical perspective","volume-title":"Acid Base","author":"Kassirer","year":"1982"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib3","volume-title":"The History of Blood Gases, Acids and Bases","author":"Astrup","year":"1986"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib4","volume-title":"Acid Base Chemistry and Related Topics","author":"Jensen","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib5","first-page":"337","article-title":"Historical review: concepts of acid-base balance in medicine","volume":"33","author":"Malkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib6","first-page":"2038","article-title":"History of medical understanding and misunderstanding of acid base balance","volume":"7","author":"Aiken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diag Res"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-57-4-660","article-title":"Hydrogen ion turnover in health and in renal disease","volume":"57","author":"Elkington","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib8","volume-title":"A Short History of Chemistry","author":"Partington","year":"1989"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib9","volume-title":"From Elements to Atoms: A History of Chemical Composition","author":"Siegfried","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2861","article-title":"Bench to bedside review: a brief history of clinical acid-base","volume":"8","author":"Story","year":"2004","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/B:FOCH.0000035061.02831.45","article-title":"Elements, principles and the narrative of affinity","volume":"6","author":"Eddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Found Chem"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1086\/346361","article-title":"Review of \u201cChemistry in Iraq and Persia in the 10th Century\u201d by HE Stapelton, RF Azo, MH Hussain","volume":"11","author":"Sarton","year":"1928","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib13","first-page":"221","article-title":"From the Sarton papers: Paul Kraus and Arabic alchemy","volume":"2","author":"Glick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chronos"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1086\/660140","article-title":"What have we learned from the recent historiography of alchemy","volume":"102","author":"Newman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"2022092208183136100_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acid spirits and alkaline salts. 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