{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:42:05Z","timestamp":1793835725398,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kidney reabsorption plays a vital role in magnesium homeostasis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained data for 2640 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database and analysed the relationship between the MDS and AAC score. The MDS is a scoring system developed to predict the status of magnesium deficiency that fully considers the pathophysiological factors influencing the kidneys\u2019 reabsorption capability. AAC was quantified by the Kauppila score system based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We performed stratified analysis and multiple equation regression analysis. R and EmpowerStats were used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2640 participants were included with the mean AAC score of 1.47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07. Participants with higher MDSs tended to have higher AAC scores [MDS 0: 0.75 (0.56\u20130.93), MDS 1: 1.02 (0.84\u20131.21), MDS 2: 2.34 (1.80\u20132.87), MDS 3: 3.19 (2.46\u20133.92), MDS \u22654: 4.99 (3.49\u20136.49)]. Compared with those with an MDS of 0, the highest subgroup (MDS \u22654) was associated with a higher AAC score {\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a04.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.78\u20135.70], P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001} and the association was not altered [\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a01.81 (95% CI 0.54\u20133.09), P\u00a0=\u00a0.002] after adjusting for numerous covariates. Subgroup analyses showed that stronger associations between the MDS and AAC score were detected in adults with lower levels of magnesium intake and older age (all P for interaction &amp;lt;.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MDS is a promising tool for identifying individuals with magnesium deficiency status who may benefit from dietary magnesium supplementation to reduce the risks of AAC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T12:53:24Z","timestamp":1658840004000},"page":"1421-1429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score is associated with increased likelihood of abdominal aortic calcification among US adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2759-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5500-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shixiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9712-z","article-title":"Vascular calcification: an update on mechanisms and challenges in treatment","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040404","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: diversity in the vessel wall","volume":"9","author":"Dube","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461311","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4461311","article-title":"Epidemiological research advances in vascular calcification in diabetes","volume":"2021","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness","volume":"114","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2019.1595646","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary artery calcification and its association with mortality, cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.235234","article-title":"Calcified atherosclerosis in different vascular beds and the risk of mortality","volume":"32","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.04.030","article-title":"Aortic calcification","volume":"30","author":"Jayalath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3298-3","article-title":"CT-based abdominal aortic calcification score as a surrogate marker for predicting the presence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-015-0712-y","article-title":"Relationship between abdominal aortic and coronary artery calcification as detected by computed tomography in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"31","author":"Takayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301464","article-title":"Calcification of the abdominal aorta as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Bastos Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2017.11.009","article-title":"Severe aortic arch calcification predicts mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: response to methodological issues","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00106-8","article-title":"New indices to classify location, severity and progression of calcific lesions in the abdominal aorta: a 25-year follow-up study","volume":"132","author":"Kauppila","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib13","first-page":"S1","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)","volume":"113","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKD-MBD Work Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9041694","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9041694","article-title":"Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions","volume":"2018","author":"Al Alawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0143-3","article-title":"Serum magnesium is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification in the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) study","volume":"15","author":"Posadas-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.10.006","article-title":"Magnesium intake is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"7","author":"Hruby","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac026","article-title":"Dietary magnesium supplementation inhibits abdominal vascular calcification in an experimental animal model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Leenders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0292","article-title":"Methods of assessment of magnesium status in humans: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Witkowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab138","article-title":"Magnesium depletion score (MDS) predicts risk of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular mortality among US adults","volume":"151","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: plan and operations, 1999\u20132010","volume":"56","author":"Zipf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 1"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2006.05.007","article-title":"Detection of abdominal aortic calcification with lateral spine imaging using DXA","volume":"9","author":"Schousboe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.025","article-title":"Abdominal aortic calcification on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: methods of assessment and clinical significance","volume":"104","author":"Schousboe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07450714","article-title":"Vascular calcification in patients with nondialysis CKD over 3 years","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3rriz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz134","article-title":"Association between dietary zinc intake and abdominal aortic calcification in US adults","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib25","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes: the Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements","author":"Meyers","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib26","volume-title":"Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival and Repeated Measures Models","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562016000000225","article-title":"Test for trend: evaluating dose-response effects in association studies","volume":"42","author":"Patino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumolog"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920200036","article-title":"Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Guerrero-Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.11.003","article-title":"Hypomagnesaemia is associated with diabetes: not pre-diabetes, obesity or the metabolic syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Simmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.126","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Hatzistavri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.168","article-title":"Serum magnesium, ambulatory blood pressure, and carotid artery alteration: the Ohasama study","volume":"23","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0549-y","article-title":"Lower serum magnesium is associated with vascular calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Molnar","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00947-y","article-title":"Pathophysiology of drug-induced hypomagnesaemia","volume":"43","author":"Katopodis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"Suppl 1)","key":"2025102312513366300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i25","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr165","article-title":"Magnesium in disease","volume":"5","author":"Geiger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1)","key":"2025102312513366300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","article-title":"Magnesium basics","volume":"5","author":"Jahnen-Dechent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3)","key":"2025102312513366300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450800682X","article-title":"Update on the assessment of magnesium status","volume":"99","author":"Arnaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.749","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogenous disease in humans","volume":"13","author":"Rude","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/003655101316911459","article-title":"Moderate alcohol consumption and urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium","volume":"61","author":"Rylander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253592","article-title":"Association between serum magnesium levels and abdominal aorta calcification in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease stage 5","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021101327","article-title":"Interventions to attenuate vascular calcification progression in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716878","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.716878","article-title":"Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D, kidney function, and insulin resistance among adults in the United States of America","volume":"8","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04960514","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and kidney function decline in a Swiss general adult population","volume":"10","author":"Guessous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02640311","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate","volume":"6","author":"de Boer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy074","article-title":"Negative effect of vitamin D on kidney function: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"33","author":"Teumer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.04.029","article-title":"Association of kidney function, vitamin D deficiency, and circulating markers of mineral and bone disorders in CKD","volume":"58","author":"Ure\u00f1a-Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2009.0187","article-title":"Magnesium homeostasis and aging","volume":"22","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210790883679","article-title":"Magnesium and aging","volume":"16","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.843","article-title":"Magnesium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of metabolic magnesium balance data","volume":"84","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1990.10720385","article-title":"Blood magnesium parameters do not differ with age","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib50","first-page":"31","article-title":"Assessment of dietary adequacy for an elderly population based on a Mediterranean model","volume":"6","author":"Padro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.1054","article-title":"Calcium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies","volume":"86","author":"Hunt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092094","article-title":"Magnesium and drugs","volume":"20","author":"Gr\u00f6ber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.809062","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia and proton-pump inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Famularo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F998","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00032.2017","article-title":"Effect of diuretics on renal tubular transport of calcium and magnesium","volume":"312","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12508","article-title":"Impact of abdominal aortic calcification on clinical outcomes following initial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Imaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"2025102312513366300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01769.x","article-title":"Association between aortic calcification and total and cardiovascular mortality in older women","volume":"261","author":"Rodondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfac218\/45479114\/gfac218.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/6\/1421\/50463108\/gfac218.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/6\/1421\/50463108\/gfac218.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:53:01Z","timestamp":1761238381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/38\/6\/1421\/6650226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfac218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}