{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:11:05Z","timestamp":1792188665246,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) improve glycaemic control and lower body weight in people with T2D, and some reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in those with high CV risk. GLP-1RAs might also have kidney-protective effects. We report the design and baseline data for FLOW (NCT03819153), a trial investigating the effects of semaglutide, a once-weekly (OW) GLP-1RA, on kidney outcomes in participants with CKD and T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FLOW is a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multinational, phase 3b trial. Participants with T2D, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \u226550\u2012\u226475\u00a0ml\/min\/1.73\u00a0m2 and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) &amp;gt;300\u2012&amp;lt;5000\u00a0mg\/g or eGFR \u226525\u2012&amp;lt;50\u00a0ml\/min\/1.73\u00a0m2 and UACR &amp;gt;100\u2012&amp;lt;5000\u00a0mg\/g were randomised 1:1 to OW semaglutide 1.0\u00a0mg or matched placebo, with renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system blockade (unless not tolerated\/contraindicated). The composite primary endpoint is time to first kidney failure (persistent eGFR &amp;lt;15\u00a0ml\/min\/1.73\u00a0m2 or initiation of chronic kidney replacement therapy), persistent \u226550% reduction in eGFR or death from kidney or CV causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enrolled participants (N\u00a0=\u00a03534) had a baseline mean age of 66.6\u00a0years [standard deviation (SD) 9.0], haemoglobin A1c of 7.8% (SD 1.3), diabetes duration of 17.4\u00a0years (SD 9.3), eGFR of 47.0\u00a0ml\/min\/1.73\u00a0m2 (SD 15.2) and median UACR of 568\u00a0mg\/g (range 2\u201211\u00a0852). According to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines categorisation, 68.2% were at very high risk for CKD progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FLOW will evaluate the effect of semaglutide on kidney outcomes in participants with CKD and T2D, and is expected to be completed in late 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T10:09:02Z","timestamp":1673950142000},"page":"2041-2051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Rossing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Complication Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian M M","family":"Baeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Bakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, AHA Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Bosch-Traberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Gislum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C L","family":"Gough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Idorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S , S\u00f8borg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W","family":"Mahaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford School of Medicine , Palo Alto, CA , 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