{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:49:56Z","timestamp":1778532596433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hypertension is the most common finding in chronic kidney disease patients, with prevalence ranging from 60% to 90% depending on the stage and etiology of the disease. It is also a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, progression to end-stage kidney disease and mortality. According to the current guidelines, resistant hypertension is defined in the general population as uncontrolled blood pressure on three or more antihypertensive drugs in adequate doses or when patients are on four or more antihypertensive drug categories irrespective of the blood pressure control, providing that antihypertensive treatment included diuretics. The currently established definitions of resistant hypertension are not directly applicable to the end-stage kidney disease setting. The diagnosis of true resistant hypertension requires confirmation of adherence to therapy and confirmation of uncontrolled blood pressure values by ambulatory blood pressure measurement or home blood pressure measurement. In addition, the term \u201capparent treatment-resistant hypertension,\u201d defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure on three or more antihypertensive medication classes, or use of four or more medications regardless of blood pressure level was introduced. In this comprehensive review we focused on the definitions of hypertension, and therapeutic targets in patients on renal replacement therapy, including the limitations and biases. We discussed the issue of pathophysiology and assessment of blood pressure in the dialyzed population, management of resistant hypertension as well as available data on prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in end-stage kidney disease. To conclude, larger sample-size and even higher quality studies about drug adherence should be conducted in the population of patients with the end-stage kidney disease who are on dialysis. It also should be determined how and when blood pressure should be measured in the group of dialysis patients. Additionally, it should be stated what the target blood pressure values in this group of patients really are. The definition of resistant hypertension in this group should be revisited, and its relationship to both subclinical and clinical endpoints should be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T00:46:36Z","timestamp":1678495596000},"page":"1952-1959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Resistant hypertension in dialysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Symonides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.184182","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries","volume":"310","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19\u00b71 million participants","volume":"389","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8","article-title":"Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies","volume":"360","author":"Lewington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","article-title":"Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"387","author":"Ettehad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S343582","article-title":"Measurement of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease: time to change our clinical practice - a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000331067","article-title":"Epidemiology of interdialytic ambulatory hypertension and the role of volume excess","volume":"34","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.129","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of hypertension among patients on chronic dialysis","volume":"12","author":"Georgianos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5715.126","article-title":"Relevance of salt, water, and renin to hypertension in chronic renal failure","volume":"3","author":"Stokes","year":"1970","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90492-1","article-title":"Hypertension in the hemodialysis population: a survey of 649 patients","volume":"26","author":"Salem","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00366-8","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients in the United States","volume":"115","author":"Agarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy147","article-title":"Prevalence and control of hypertension by 48-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in haemodialysis patients: a study by the European Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (EURECA-m) working group of the ERA-EDTA","volume":"34","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001283","article-title":"Hypertension in dialysis patients: a consensus document by the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine (EURECA-m) working group of the European Renal Association - European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) and the Hypertension and the Kidney working group of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH)","volume":"35","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12837","article-title":"Systolic and diastolic hypertension among patients on hemodialysis: musings on volume overload, arterial stiffness, and erythropoietin","volume":"32","author":"Georgianos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.125674","article-title":"Dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.018","article-title":"Aortic stiffness, ambulatory blood pressure, and predictors of response to antihypertensive therapy in hemodialysis","volume":"66","author":"Georgianos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx324","article-title":"Mechanisms and mediators of hypertension induced by erythropoietin and related molecules","volume":"33","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.194","article-title":"Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease","volume":"49","author":"Foley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80","article-title":"Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"108","author":"Sarnak","year":"2003","journal-title":". Circulation"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00005.x","article-title":"U\u201d curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"54","author":"Zager","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70188-5","article-title":"Predialysis blood pressure and mortality risk in a national sample of maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Port","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04334","article-title":"Blood pressure and risk of all-cause mortality in advanced chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis: the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Bansal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02250507","article-title":"Home blood pressures are of greater prognostic value than hemodialysis unit recordings","volume":"2","author":"Alborzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.144899","article-title":"Blood pressure and mortality among hemodialysis patients","volume":"55","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128116","article-title":"Cardiovascular protection with antihypertensive drugs in dialysis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60212-9","article-title":"Effect of lowering blood pressure on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"373","author":"Heerspink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020135","article-title":"BP in dialysis: results of a pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Miskulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000046262","article-title":"Risk factors for hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients: baseline data from the HEMO study","volume":"21","author":"Rocco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.08.013","article-title":"Intradialytic hypertension: a less-recognized cardiovascular complication of hemodialysis","volume":"55","author":"Inrig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01891105","article-title":"Pre- and postdialysis blood pressures are imprecise estimates of interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure","volume":"1","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000196279.29758.f4","article-title":"Out-of-hemodialysis-unit blood pressure is a superior determinant of left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"47","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.19100","article-title":"Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hemodialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Peixoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp332","article-title":"Home blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure control among haemodialysis patients: an open randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"da Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","article-title":"Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"72","author":"Carey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00418-3","article-title":"The double challenge of resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease","volume":"386","author":"Rossignol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002419","article-title":"Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension: characteristics and prevalence in a real-world environment of an integrated health system","volume":"38","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173998","article-title":"Persistent resistant hypertension has worse renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease than that resolved in two years: results from the KNOW-CKD Study","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05694","article-title":"Prevalence of apparent therapy-resistant hypertension and its effect on outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"66","author":"de Beus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06487","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of apparent treatment resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease: report from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study","volume":"67","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37961-1","article-title":"Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients: ten-year outcomes of the Q-cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002448","article-title":"Treatment-resistant hypertension in the hemodialysis population: a 44-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-based study","volume":"38","author":"Mallamaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12483","article-title":"Are diuretics underutilized in dialysis patients?","volume":"29","author":"Trinh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05080418","article-title":"Association of continuation of loop diuretics at hemodialysis initiation with clinical outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Sibbel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14455","article-title":"Current apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a multi-center cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01081-x","article-title":"Resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD): prevalence, treatment particularities, and research agenda","volume":"22","author":"Georgianos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70187-3","article-title":"Factors associated with inadequate blood pressure control in hypertensive hemodialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Rahman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70335-0","article-title":"Interdialytic weight gain, compliance with dialysis regimen, and age are independent predictors of blood pressure in hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Rahman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00569.x","article-title":"Seasonal modifications in blood pressure are mainly related to interdialytic body weight gain in dialysis patients","volume":"65","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.276","article-title":"Increased postdialysis systolic blood pressure is associated with extracellular overhydration in hemodialysis outpatients","volume":"87","author":"Nongnuch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib50","first-page":"163","article-title":"Genesis and control of hypertension in hemodialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Zucchelli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib51","first-page":"29","article-title":"Importance of volume factors in dialysis related hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Lins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90309-1","article-title":"Role of volume overload in dialysis-refractory hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Fishbane","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196905012801802","article-title":"Hypertension in end-stage renal disease","volume":"280","author":"Vertes","year":"1969","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70346-X","article-title":"Treatment of hypertension in dialysis patients by ultrafiltration: role of cardiac dilatation and time factor","volume":"34","author":"Ozkahya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg008","article-title":"Can technology solve the clinical problem of \u201cdry weight\u201d?","volume":"18","author":"Hoenich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)81034-1","article-title":"A personalized history of chronic hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Scribner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027898","article-title":"Dry weight\u201d in dialysis: the history of a concept","volume":"13","author":"Charra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00641.x","article-title":"Can chronic volume overload be recognized and prevented in hemodialysis patients? The pitfalls of the clinical examination in assessing volume status","volume":"22","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/11.supp2.16","article-title":"Clinical assessment of dry weight","volume":"11","author":"Charra","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.02.018","article-title":"The effect of dry-weight reduction guided by lung ultrasound on ambulatory blood pressure in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Loutradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002818","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure changes with lung ultrasound-guided dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients: 12-month results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Loutradis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139x.2000.00040.x","article-title":"The overlooked role of salt restriction in dialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Mailloux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0894-0959.2004.17328.x","article-title":"Dietary sodium restriction for hypertension in dialysis patients","volume":"17","author":"Ahmad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii5","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm022","article-title":"EBPG guideline on dialysis strategies","volume":"22","author":"Tattersall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.3.552","article-title":"Dietary salt restriction and reduction of dialysate sodium to control hypertension in maintenance haemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Krautzig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft515","article-title":"Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib67","first-page":"CD011064","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis","volume":"10","author":"Mugendi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14422","article-title":"Effects of sacubitril\/valsartan on resistant hypertension and myocardial work in hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","article-title":"Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"386","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib70","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent patients: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2007.00203.x","article-title":"Sleep apnea and dialysis therapies: things that go bump in the night?","volume":"11","author":"Unruh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601789","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01789-2016","article-title":"The effect of fluid overload on sleep apnoea severity in haemodialysis patients","volume":"49","author":"Lyons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101113440204","article-title":"Improvement of sleep apnea in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo nocturnal hemodialysis","volume":"344","author":"Hanly","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.04.012","article-title":"Endovascular renal denervation in end-stage kidney disease patients: cardiovascular protection\u2014a proof-of-concept study","volume":"2","author":"Hoye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2023083104262040400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002358","article-title":"Renal denervation in patients with end-stage renal disease and resistant hypertension on long-term haemodialysis","volume":"38","author":"Scalise","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad047\/50093816\/gfad047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/9\/1952\/51277689\/gfad047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/9\/1952\/51277689\/gfad047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T04:53:13Z","timestamp":1693457593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/38\/9\/1952\/7075895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}