{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:16:51Z","timestamp":1792700211399,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL126903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL126903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hypertension is very common and remains often poorly controlled in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is the essential first step in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Dietary sodium restriction is often overlooked, but can improve BP control, especially among patients treated with an agent to block the renin\u2013angiotensin system. In the presence of very high albuminuria, international guidelines consistently and strongly recommend the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker as the antihypertensive agent of first choice. Long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and diuretics are reasonable second- and third-line therapeutic options. For patients with treatment-resistant hypertension, guidelines recommend the addition of spironolactone to the baseline antihypertensive regimen. However, the associated risk of hyperkalemia restricts the broad utilization of spironolactone in patients with moderate-to-advanced CKD. Evidence from the CLICK (Chlorthalidone in Chronic Kidney Disease) trial indicates that the thiazide-like diuretic chlorthalidone is effective and serves as an alternative therapeutic opportunity for patients with stage 4 CKD and uncontrolled hypertension, including those with treatment-resistant hypertension. Chlorthalidone can also mitigate the risk of hyperkalemia to enable the concomitant use of spironolactone, but this combination requires careful monitoring of BP and kidney function for the prevention of adverse events. Emerging agents, such as the non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist ocedurenone, dual endothelin receptor antagonist aprocitentan and the aldosterone synthase inhibitor baxdrostat offer novel targets and strategies to control BP better. Larger and longer term clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of these novel therapies in the future. In this article, we review the current standards of treatment and discuss novel developments in pathophysiology, diagnosis, outcome prediction and management of hypertension in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T05:56:21Z","timestamp":1687672581000},"page":"2694-2703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Hypertension in chronic kidney disease\u2014treatment standard 2023"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Panagiotis I","family":"Georgianos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8355-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.04.032","article-title":"Considerable international variation exists in blood pressure control and antihypertensive prescription patterns in chronic kidney disease","volume":"96","author":"Alencar de Pihno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.12.044","article-title":"Hypertension in CKD: core curriculum 2019","volume":"74","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070714","article-title":"Cause of death in patients with reduced kidney function","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403313301301","article-title":"The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"330","author":"Klahr","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71082-5","article-title":"Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.19.2421","article-title":"Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial","volume":"288","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020148","article-title":"Effects of intensive BP control in CKD","volume":"28","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901281","article-title":"Final report of a trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control","volume":"384","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","article-title":"A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control","volume":"373","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004536","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004536","article-title":"Implications of blood pressure measurement technique for implementation of Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT)","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JC69","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJ201906180-069","article-title":"Review: automated office BP measures are similar to awake ambulatory BP and lower than other office BP measures","volume":"170","author":"Georgianos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030236","article-title":"Prognostic significance of ambulatory BP monitoring in CKD: a report from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study","volume":"31","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000221","article-title":"European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Parati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002922","article-title":"Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Parati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1159\/000097366","article-title":"Blood pressure recordings within and outside the clinic and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000081","article-title":"Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"69","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015030243","article-title":"Masked uncontrolled hypertension in CKD","volume":"27","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160911","article-title":"Role of home blood pressure monitoring in overcoming therapeutic inertia and improving hypertension control: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003","article-title":"2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"99","author":"KDIGO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib20","first-page":"CD010070","article-title":"Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"McMahon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.74","article-title":"Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers","volume":"82","author":"Lambers Heerspink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105675","article-title":"Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death","volume":"385","author":"Neal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa027","article-title":"Dietary potassium intake and risk of chronic kidney disease progression in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Picard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022020147","article-title":"Effects of short-term potassium chloride supplementation in patients with CKD","volume":"33","author":"Gritter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001940","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes","volume":"345","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","article-title":"Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"369","author":"Fried","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208799","article-title":"Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes","volume":"367","author":"Parving","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139816","article-title":"Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09630818","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology in diuretic use","volume":"14","author":"Ellison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00124.x","article-title":"A double-blind randomized crossover trial of two loop diuretics in chronic kidney disease","volume":"64","author":"Vasavada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110730","article-title":"Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"385","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab328","article-title":"Spironolactone and chlorthalidone-old drugs, new uses-but approach with caution","volume":"37","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","article-title":"Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"72","author":"Carey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","article-title":"Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"386","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01081-x","article-title":"Resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD): prevalence, treatment particularities, and research agenda","volume":"22","author":"Georgianos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00550113","article-title":"Prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension among individuals with CKD","volume":"8","author":"Tanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06487","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of apparent treatment resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease: report from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib41","first-page":"CD007004","article-title":"Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.01.002","article-title":"Hyperkalemia-related discontinuation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and clinical outcomes in CKD: a population-based cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Leon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz263","article-title":"Risk of hyperkalemia from renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and factors associated with treatment discontinuities in a real-world population","volume":"36","author":"Wetmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32135-X","article-title":"Patiromer versus placebo to enable spironolactone use in patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease (AMBER): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060167","article-title":"Chlorthalidone for resistant hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"146","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.060","article-title":"Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers: a critical review of the evidence","volume":"50","author":"Bangalore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.09.014","article-title":"Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in adults with CKD: results from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study","volume":"55","author":"Muntner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000178102.85718.66","article-title":"Correlates of systolic hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"46","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp074","article-title":"GFR, proteinuria and circadian blood pressure","volume":"24","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.06.009","article-title":"Caring for individuals with hypertension in CKD, especially those with low education","volume":"96","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05391008","article-title":"Masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bangash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-01025-9","article-title":"Novel antihypertensive agents for resistant hypertension: what does the future hold?","volume":"45","author":"Salvador","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17073","article-title":"Effect of KBP-5074 on blood pressure in advanced chronic kidney disease: results of the BLOCK-CKD study","volume":"78","author":"Bakris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213169","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of baxdrostat for treatment-resistant hypertension","volume":"388","author":"Freeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02034-7","article-title":"Dual endothelin antagonist aprocitentan for resistant hypertension (PRECISION): a multicentre, blinded, randomised, parallel-group, phase 3 trial","volume":"400","author":"Schlaich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30772-X","article-title":"Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"Heerspink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.02.021","article-title":"Long-term effect of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan on the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe chronic heart failure: primary results of the ENABLE trials","volume":"5","author":"Packer","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","author":"Herrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.05.027","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Georgianos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab777","article-title":"Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis","volume":"43","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057736","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of hyperkalemia in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized, controlled trials","volume":"145","author":"Neuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.12.013","article-title":"The kidney protective effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, are present in patients with CKD treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists","volume":"7","author":"Provenzano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0294","article-title":"Finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor treatment: the FIDELITY analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rossing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2207","article-title":"ambulatory blood pressure reduction with SGLT-2 inhibitors: dose-response meta-analysis and comparative evaluation with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide","volume":"42","author":"Georgianos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10081","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Bakris","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003330","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on ambulatory blood pressure in chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402670","article-title":"A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension","volume":"370","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31082-1","article-title":"Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00788-1","article-title":"Ultrasound renal denervation for hypertension resistant to a triple medication pill (RADIANCE-HTN TRIO): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"397","author":"Azizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac189","article-title":"Renal denervation in patients with chronic kidney disease: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Schmieder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00455-X","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of renal denervation in the presence of antihypertensive drugs (SPYRAL HTN-ON MED): a randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"399","author":"Mahfoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.03.017","article-title":"Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation","volume":"173","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000556","article-title":"Renal denervation preserves renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and resistant hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Ott","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.06.010","article-title":"Use of renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced CKD: an NKF-KDOQI controversies report","volume":"72","author":"Weir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diss"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp511","article-title":"The impact of stopping inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050682","article-title":"Stopping renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with advanced CKD and risk of adverse outcomes: a nationwide study","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib79","first-page":"255","article-title":"Multicentre randomized controlled trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor\/angiotensin receptor blocker withdrawal in advanced renal disease: the STOP-ACEi trial","volume":"31","author":"Bhandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101463320700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210639","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"387","author":"Bhandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad118\/50841337\/gfad118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/12\/2694\/53959581\/gfad118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/38\/12\/2694\/53959581\/gfad118.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T01:47:28Z","timestamp":1701395248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/38\/12\/2694\/7207411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]}}}