{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:24:07Z","timestamp":1791933847929,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is imprecise at individual level, due to non-GFR-related serum creatinine determinants, including atypical muscle mass. Cystatin C has the advantage of being independent of muscle mass, a feature that led to the development of race- and sex-free equations. Yet, cystatin C\u2013based equations do not perform better than creatinine-based equations for estimating GFR unless both variables are included together. The new race-free Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation had slight opposite biases between Black and non-Black subjects in the USA, but has poorer performance than that the previous version in European populations. The European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation developed in 2021 can be used in both children and adults, is more accurate in young and old adults, and is applicable to non-white European populations, by rescaling the Q factor, i.e. population median creatinine, in a potentially universal way. A sex- and race-free cystatin C\u2013based EKFC, with the same mathematical design, has also be defined. New developments in the field of GFR estimation would be standardization of cystatin C assays, development of creatinine-based eGFR equations that incorporate muscle mass data, implementation of new endogenous biomarkers and the use of artificial intelligence. Standardization of different GFR measurement methods would also be a future challenge, as well as new technologies for measuring GFR. Future research is also needed into discrepancies between cystatin C and creatinine, which is associated with high risk of adverse events: we need to standardize the definition of discrepancy and understand its determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T08:50:56Z","timestamp":1699692656000},"page":"1088-1096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Diagnostic standard: assessing glomerular filtration rate"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1480-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Delanaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation, University of Li\u00e8ge (ULiege) , CHU Sart Tilman, Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Apheresis, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Car\u00e9meau , N\u00eemes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Pottel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk , Kortrijk , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Cavalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Li\u00e8ge (ULiege) , CHU Sart Tilman, Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Flamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Bichat Hospital, and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, UMR 1149 , Paris , 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