{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:10:18Z","timestamp":1792523418945,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002997","name":"Dutch Kidney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21OK022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21OK022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["OCENWM.21.022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCENWM.21.022"]}]},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["VIDI 09150172110040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIDI 09150172110040"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101\u00a0040\u00a0682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101\u00a0040\u00a0682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Magnesium (Mg2+) is essential for energy metabolism, muscle contraction and neurotransmission. As part of the Mg\u2013ATP complex, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions. Serum Mg2+ levels are tightly regulated between 0.7 and 1.1\u00a0mmol\/L by interplay of intestinal absorption and renal excretion. In the small intestine, Mg2+ is absorbed paracellularly via claudin-2 and -12. In the colon, transcellular absorption of Mg2+ is facilitated by TRPM6\/7 and CNNM4. In the kidney, the proximal tubule reabsorbs only 20% of the filtered Mg2+. The majority of the filtered Mg2+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb, where the lumen-positive transepithelial voltage drives paracellular transport via claudin-16\/-19. Fine-tuning of Mg2+ reabsorption is achieved in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Here, TRPM6\/7 tetramers facilitate apical Mg2+ uptake, which is hormonally regulated by insulin and epidermal growth factor. Basolateral Mg2+ extrusion is Na+ dependent and achieved by CNNM2 and\/or SLC41A3. Hypomagnesemia (serum Mg2+ &amp;lt;0.7\u00a0mmol\/L) develops when intestinal and\/or renal Mg2+ (re)absorption is disturbed. Common causes include alcoholism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the use of pharmacological drugs, such as proton-pump inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors and thiazide diuretics. Over the last decade, research on rare genetic and acquired Mg2+ disorders have identified Mg2+ channel and transporter activity, DCT length, mitochondrial function and autoimmunity as mechanisms explaining hypomagnesemia. Classically, treatment of hypomagnesemia depended on oral or intravenous Mg2+ supplementation. Recently, prebiotic dietary fibers and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have been proposed as promising new therapeutic pathways to treat hypomagnesemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T11:08:44Z","timestamp":1718190524000},"page":"1965-1975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Magnesium biology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Jana L","family":"Kr\u00f6se","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences , Radboudumc, Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen H F","family":"de Baaij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical BioSciences , Radboudumc, Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","article-title":"Magnesium basics","volume":"5","author":"Jahnen-Dechent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095388","article-title":"Magnesium in prevention and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Gr\u00f6ber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195702","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2195702","article-title":"Relationship between short-term self-reported dietary magnesium intake and whole blood ionized magnesium (iMg2+) or serum magnesium (s-Mg) concentrations","volume":"55","author":"Ansu Baidoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00258-2","article-title":"Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects","volume":"294","author":"Saris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016058229972","article-title":"Magnesium chemistry and biochemistry","volume":"15","author":"Maguire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041136","article-title":"Magnesium: biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Fiorentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab138","article-title":"Magnesium depletion score (MDS) predicts risk of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular mortality among US adults","volume":"151","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02916-w","article-title":"Recommendation on an updated standardization of serum magnesium reference ranges","volume":"61","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.12.008","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency results in an increased formation of osteoclasts","volume":"24","author":"Belluci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.010","article-title":"Effects of extracellular magnesium on the differentiation and function of human osteoclasts","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.043","article-title":"Magnesium accumulation upon cyclin M4 silencing activates microsomal triglyceride transfer protein improving NASH","volume":"75","author":"Sim\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0104-3","article-title":"Reduction of dietary magnesium by only 50% in the rat disrupts bone and mineral metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Rude","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib13","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib14","first-page":"4186","article-title":"Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for magnesium. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)","volume-title":"EFSA J","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib15","first-page":"Cd009402","article-title":"Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps","volume":"9","author":"Garrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03162-1","article-title":"The role of magnesium in sleep health: a systematic review of available literature","volume":"201","author":"Arab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050429","article-title":"The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress-a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Boyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G206","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00093.2014","article-title":"Segmental transport of Ca2+ and Mg2+ along the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"308","author":"Lameris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D666","DOI":"10.2741\/Schweigel","article-title":"Magnesium transport in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"5","author":"Schweigel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13846","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13846","article-title":"Mechanisms of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia","volume":"235","author":"Gommers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00165","article-title":"Claudin-2 expression induces cation-selective channels in tight junctions of epithelial cells","volume":"115","author":"Amasheh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02148.x","article-title":"Claudins of intestine and nephron\u2014a correlation of molecular tight junction structure and barrier function","volume":"201","author":"Amasheh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105781","article-title":"The mechanisms of sodium absorption in the human small intestine","volume":"47","author":"Fordtran","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54215-2_21","article-title":"TRPM7","volume":"222","author":"Fleig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54215-2_20","article-title":"TRPM6","volume":"222","author":"Chubanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275249","article-title":"CrossTalk opposing view: CNNM proteins are not Na(+) \/Mg(2+) exchangers but Mg(2+) transport regulators playing a central role in transepithelial Mg(2+) (re)absorption","volume":"596","author":"Arjona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15247","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15247","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone suppress small intestinal magnesium absorption","volume":"10","author":"Suksridechacin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586839","article-title":"Simultaneous Mg, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl analysis in rat tubular fluid","volume":"340","author":"Le Grimellec","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00298.2022","article-title":"Magnesium reabsorption in the kidney","volume":"324","author":"de Baaij","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2111247118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111247118","article-title":"Claudin-2 and claudin-12 form independent, complementary pores required to maintain calcium homeostasis","volume":"118","author":"Beggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021030286","article-title":"Claudin-10a deficiency shifts proximal tubular Cl- permeability to cation selectivity via Claudin-2 redistribution","volume":"33","author":"Breiderhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04480413","article-title":"Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle","volume":"9","author":"Mount","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053151","article-title":"Claudin-19 mutations and clinical phenotype in Spanish patients with familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis","volume":"8","author":"Claverie-Mart\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu374","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study of familial hypomagnesaemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis due to CLDN16 mutations","volume":"30","author":"Sikora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00087.2007","article-title":"Renal localization and function of the tight junction protein, claudin-19","volume":"293","author":"Angelow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54826","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406331200","article-title":"Association of paracellin-1 with ZO-1 augments the reabsorption of divalent cations in renal epithelial cells","volume":"279","author":"Ikari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907724106","article-title":"Claudin-16 and claudin-19 interaction is required for their assembly into tight junctions and for renal reabsorption of magnesium","volume":"106","author":"Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17114","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700632200","article-title":"Transgenic RNAi depletion of claudin-16 and the renal handling of magnesium","volume":"282","author":"Hou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21982","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002137RRR","article-title":"Activation of the calcium sensing receptor increases claudin-14 expression via a PLC-p38-Sp1 pathway","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.49","article-title":"Claudin-14 regulates renal Ca\u207a\u207a transport in response to CaSR signalling via a novel microRNA pathway","volume":"31","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305252101","article-title":"Disruption of TRPM6\/TRPM7 complex formation by a mutation in the TRPM6 gene causes hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia","volume":"101","author":"Chubanov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac182","article-title":"Possible role for rare TRPM7 variants in patients with hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia","volume":"38","author":"Vargas-Poussou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014121228","article-title":"Regulation of Mg2+ reabsorption and transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 activity by cAMP signaling","volume":"27","author":"Blanchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275248","article-title":"CrossTalk proposal: CNNM proteins are Na+\/Mg2+ exchangers playing a central role in transepithelial Mg2+ (re)absorption","volume":"596","author":"Funato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2221083120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221083120","article-title":"PRL-1\/2 phosphatases control TRPM7 magnesium-dependent function to regulate cellular bioenergetics","volume":"120","author":"Hardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F553","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00101.2022","article-title":"SLC41A1 knockout mice display normal magnesium homeostasis","volume":"323","author":"Ilenwabor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092094","article-title":"Magnesium and drugs","volume":"20","author":"Gr\u00f6ber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib48","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) Treasure Island (FL): STATPEARLS","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.023","article-title":"Epsom salt ingestion leading to severe hypermagnesemia necessitating dialysis","volume":"58","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-018-0359-5","article-title":"Severe hypermagnesemia induced by magnesium oxide ingestion: a case series","volume":"8","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/371243a0","article-title":"Electrostatic tuning of Mg2+ affinity in an inward-rectifier K+ channel","volume":"371","author":"Lu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007727200","article-title":"Paradoxical block of parathormone secretion is mediated by increased activity of G alpha subunits","volume":"276","author":"Quitterer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718430","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review)","volume":"13","author":"Rivlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01008.x","article-title":"Muscle strength, Na,K-pumps, magnesium and potassium in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis\u2014relation to spironolactone","volume":"252","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib55","first-page":"35","article-title":"Magnesium status and deficiency in cirrhosis of liver due to alcoholism","volume":"21","author":"Tokmak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magnes Bull"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000055796","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis-induced hypomagnesemia","volume":"1","author":"Liamis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008358","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008358.pub2","article-title":"Magnesium for alcohol withdrawal","volume":"5","author":"Sarai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02141-w","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of thiamine and magnesium status in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and 1-year mortality in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Maguire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020320","article-title":"Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Piuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0517","article-title":"Determinants of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"176","author":"Kurstjens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib61","first-page":"56","article-title":"Magnesium: the forgotten electrolyte-a review on hypomagnesemia","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1982.tb00942.x","article-title":"Renal hypomagnesaemia in human diabetes mellitus: its relation to glucose homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"McNair","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114074","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation for treating glucose metabolism parameters in people with or at risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Veronese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3243","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3243","article-title":"Association of magnesium consumption with type 2 diabetes and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and pooled study with trial sequential analysis","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Drenthen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib66","first-page":"39","article-title":"Lipolysis-induced magnesium uptake into fat cells","volume":"5","author":"Vormann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Magnes Bull"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121000926","article-title":"Genetic and drug-induced hypomagnesemia: different cause, same mechanism","volume":"80","author":"Bosman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0012-x","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics : mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacodynamics","volume":"15","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15011","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015011","article-title":"Does the use of proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of hypomagnesemia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0270-9295(03)00090-1","article-title":"Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"23","author":"Burdmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-007-0212-4","article-title":"Down-regulation of TRPM6-mediated magnesium influx by cyclosporin A","volume":"377","author":"Ikari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000173762","article-title":"Transepithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of the mouse is a voltage-dependent process","volume":"16","author":"Di Stefano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F998","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00032.2017","article-title":"Effect of diuretics on renal tubular transport of calcium and magnesium","volume":"312","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059001800207","article-title":"Renal excretory actions of furosemide, of hydrochlorothiazide and of the vasodilator flosequinan in healthy subjects","volume":"18","author":"Leary","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13528","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13528","article-title":"Mechanisms coupling sodium and magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney","volume":"231","author":"Franken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.426","article-title":"Thiazide treatment of rats provokes apoptosis in distal tubule cells","volume":"50","author":"Loffing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4636","article-title":"Thiazide but not loop diuretics is associated with hypomagnesaemia in the general population","volume":"27","author":"Kieboom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022010060","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by claudin-16 autoantibodies","volume":"33","author":"Figueres","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021030333","article-title":"mTOR-activating mutations in RRAGD are causative for kidney tubulopathy and cardiomyopathy","volume":"32","author":"Schlingmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021050596","article-title":"Gitelman-like syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in mtDNA","volume":"33","author":"Viering","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5396","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215396","article-title":"A novel claudinopathy based on Claudin-10 mutations","volume":"20","author":"Milatz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203834109","article-title":"Deletion of claudin-10 (Cldn10) in the thick ascending limb impairs paracellular sodium permeability and leads to hypermagnesemia and nephrocalcinosis","volume":"109","author":"Breiderhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x","article-title":"Systematic review: hypomagnesaemia induced by proton pump inhibition","volume":"36","author":"Hess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.06.001","article-title":"Evolving understanding of cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on renal protection, myocardial effects, uric acid, and magnesium balance","volume":"54","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2023.100697","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors in management of severe hypomagnesemia in patients without diabetes: a report of 4 cases","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"luac018","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luac018","article-title":"Improvement in serum magnesium levels with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors","volume":"1","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.01.010","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for treatment of refractory hypomagnesemia: a case report of 3 patients","volume":"2","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.08.015","article-title":"Effect of dapagliflozin treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in diabetic rats","volume":"352","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2024112623561914800_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114088","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin and magnesium supplementation on renal magnesium handling and magnesium homeostasis in metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfae134\/59958681\/gfae134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/39\/12\/1965\/60817590\/gfae134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/39\/12\/1965\/60817590\/gfae134.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T18:56:35Z","timestamp":1732647395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/39\/12\/1965\/7693129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfae134","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}