{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:46:35Z","timestamp":1792115195391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015223","name":"Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF22SA0079901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22SA0079901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NFF18OC0031686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFF18OC0031686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002997","name":"Dutch Kidney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18PhD25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18PhD25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water homeostasis is controlled by a brain\u2013kidney axis that consists of central osmoreceptors, synthesis and secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and AVP-responsive aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels in kidney collecting duct principal cells that facilitate water reabsorption. In addition to AVP, thirst represents a second line of defence to maintain water balance. Water balance disorders arise because of deficiency, resistance or inappropriate secretion of AVP or disturbances in thirst sensation (hypodipsia, polydipsia). People with water balance disorders are prone to develop hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia, which expose cells to osmotic stress and activate cell volume regulation mechanisms. This review covers several recent insights that have expanded our understanding of central osmoregulation, AQP2 regulation and cell volume regulation. This includes the role of with no lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) as a putative central osmolality sensor and, more generally, as an intracellular crowding sensor that coordinates the cell volume rescue response by activating sodium and potassium cotransporters. Furthermore, several new regulators of AQP2 have been identified, including AVP-dependent AQP2 regulation (yes-associated protein, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, microRNAs) and AVP-independent AQP2 regulation (epidermal growth factor receptor, fluconazole, prostaglandin E2). It is also becoming increasingly clear that long-term cell volume adaptation to chronic hypotonicity through release of organic osmolytes comes at the expense of compromised organ function. This potentially explains the complications of chronic hyponatraemia, including cognitive impairment, bone loss and vascular calcification. This review illustrates why these new insights derived from basic science are also relevant for developing new approaches to treat water balance disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T23:26:27Z","timestamp":1729293987000},"page":"632-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The biology of water homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mariavittoria","family":"D'Acierno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8738-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewout J","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114556","article-title":"Regulation of thirst and vasopressin release","volume":"81","author":"Bichet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25488","article-title":"Hierarchical neural architecture underlying thirst regulation","volume":"555","author":"Augustine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19191-0","article-title":"Distinct CCK-positive SFO neurons are involved in persistent or transient suppression of water intake","volume":"11","author":"Matsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2208-19.2020","article-title":"Integration of hypernatremia and angiotensin II by the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis regulates thirst","volume":"40","author":"Kinsman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1066-x","article-title":"A gut-to-brain signal of fluid osmolarity controls thirst satiation","volume":"568","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2795-04.2004","article-title":"The subfornical organ is the primary locus of sodium-level sensing by Na(x) sodium channels for the control of salt-intake behavior","volume":"24","author":"Hiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e164222","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI164222","article-title":"WNK1 promotes water homeostasis by acting as a central osmolality sensor for arginine vasopressin release","volume":"133","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab070","article-title":"The emerging role of the apelinergic system in kidney physiology and disease","volume":"37","author":"Janssens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20560-y","article-title":"A metabolically stable apelin-17 analog decreases AVP-induced antidiuresis and improves hyponatremia","volume":"12","author":"Flahault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00120-1","article-title":"Oxytocin in response to MDMA provocation test in patients with arginine vasopressin deficiency (central diabetes insipidus): a single-centre, case-control study with nested, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"11","author":"Atila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14737","article-title":"Identification of clinical factors related to antibody-mediated immune response to the subfornical organ","volume":"97","author":"Nakamura-Utsunomiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.017","article-title":"Autoimmunity to the sodium-level sensor in the brain causes essential hypernatremia","volume":"66","author":"Hiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151800","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI151800","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in primary polydipsia","volume":"131","author":"Winzeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404726","article-title":"Molecular physiology of water balance","volume":"372","author":"Knepper","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2006","article-title":"Mouse models and the urinary concentrating mechanism in the new millennium","volume":"87","author":"Fenton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00447-x","article-title":"Aquaporin 2 regulation: implications for water balance and polycystic kidney diseases","volume":"17","author":"Olesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797039","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.797039","article-title":"The role of vasopressin V2 receptor in drug-induced hyponatremia","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012010077","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an activating F229V substitution in the V2 vasopressin receptor in an infant with NSIAD","volume":"23","author":"Carpentier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161765","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161765","article-title":"Kidney collecting duct cells make vasopressin in response to NaCl-induced hypertonicity","volume":"7","author":"Arroyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1091","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00057.2024","article-title":"Kidney collecting duct-derived vasopressin is not essential for appropriate concentration or dilution of urine","volume":"326","author":"Zuchowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C194","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00397.2023","article-title":"Following the cellular itinerary of renal aquaporin-2 shuttling with 4.5x expansion microscopy","volume":"326","author":"Login","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00010.2017","article-title":"Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still a conundrum","volume":"312","author":"Olesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.10.007","article-title":"Kidney tubular transcription co-activator, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP), controls the expression of collecting duct aquaporins and water homeostasis","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22583","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200856R","article-title":"Genetic deletion of the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 in collecting duct principal cells causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"36","author":"Petrillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020010031","article-title":"Dysregulation of principal cell miRNAs facilitates epigenetic regulation of AQP2 and results in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"32","author":"Petrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F814","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00049.2024","article-title":"Regulation of the water channel aquaporin-2 by cullin E3 ubiquitin ligases","volume":"326","author":"Murali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017050526","article-title":"CHIP regulates aquaporin-2 quality control and body water homeostasis","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015080903","article-title":"EGF receptor inhibition by erlotinib increases aquaporin 2-mediated renal water reabsorption","volume":"27","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018060668","article-title":"Fluconazole increases osmotic water transport in renal collecting duct through effects on aquaporin-2 trafficking","volume":"30","author":"Vukicevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88409","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88409","article-title":"Metformin improves urine concentration in rodents with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus","volume":"1","author":"Efe","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F309","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00001.2011","article-title":"Simvastatin enhances aquaporin-2 surface expression and urinary concentration in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats through modulation of Rho GTPase","volume":"301","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.10","article-title":"Combination of secretin and fluvastatin ameliorates the polyuria associated with X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice","volume":"86","author":"Procino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15111","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15111","article-title":"Atorvastatin does not ameliorate nephrogenic diabetes insipidus induced by lithium or potassium depletion in mice","volume":"9","author":"Thomsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12973","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial of atorvastatin for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in lithium users","volume":"23","author":"Fotso Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13665","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13665","article-title":"Effects of sildenafil, metformin, and simvastatin on ADH-independent urine concentration in healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Bech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020217","article-title":"Is there a role for PGE2 in urinary concentration?","volume":"24","author":"Olesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787598","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.787598","article-title":"A vasopressin-induced change in prostaglandin receptor subtype expression explains the differential effect of PGE(2) on AQP2 expression","volume":"12","author":"Deen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae352","article-title":"The effect of thiazide diuretics on urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion and serum sodium in the general population","volume":"109","author":"Geurts","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89812","article-title":"Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"127","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000269","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2, osmoregulation, and disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Geurts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2007","article-title":"Physiology of cell volume regulation in vertebrates","volume":"89","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.042","article-title":"WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation","volume":"185","author":"Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/72256","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Manley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.037","article-title":"Targeting aquaporin-4 subcellular localization to treat central nervous system edema","volume":"181","author":"Kitchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600306","article-title":"Accelerated progression of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in aquaporin-4-deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Bloch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1723fje","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema","volume":"18","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13672","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13672","article-title":"Aquaporin 4 differentially modulates osmotic effects on vasopressin neurons in rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7537-y","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody","volume":"262","author":"Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111127","article-title":"Astrocytes are an early target in osmotic demyelination syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Gankam Kengne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.10.004","article-title":"Allostasis and the clinical manifestations of mild to moderate chronic hyponatremia: no good adaptation goes unpunished","volume":"73","author":"Portales-Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014121196","article-title":"Chronic hyponatremia causes neurologic and psychologic impairments","volume":"27","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13229","article-title":"Intracellular levels of glutamate in swollen astrocytes are preserved via neurotransmitter reuptake and de novo synthesis: implications for hyponatremia","volume":"135","author":"Schober","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7150","article-title":"Orphan receptor GPR158 serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor: mGlyR","volume":"379","author":"Laboute","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.11.007","article-title":"Chronic hyponatremia and brain structure and function before and after treatment","volume":"84","author":"Suarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4228","article-title":"Association between hyponatremia, osteoporosis, and fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Upala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203942","article-title":"Hyponatremia and the risk of kidney stones: a matched case-control study in a large U.S. health system","volume":"13","author":"Tominaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.320069","article-title":"Vascular calcification is accelerated by hyponatremia and low osmolality","volume":"44","author":"Shumei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.09.019","article-title":"Hyponatremia and mortality: moving beyond associations","volume":"62","author":"Hoorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.065391","article-title":"Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease with and without congestive heart failure","volume":"125","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025040116481442200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab203","article-title":"Association of pre-ESKD hyponatremia with post-ESKD outcomes among incident ESKD patients","volume":"37","author":"Marroquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfae235\/60764590\/gfae235.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/632\/60764590\/gfae235.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/632\/60764590\/gfae235.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T14:00:37Z","timestamp":1743516037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/40\/4\/632\/7829350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfae235","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}}}