{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:00:40Z","timestamp":1788811240792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"COST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA19127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA19127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cognitive decline is frequently seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The causes of cognitive decline in these patients are likely to be multifactorial, including vascular disease, uraemic toxins, blood\u2013brain barrier leakage, and metabolic and endocrine changes. Gut dysbiosis is common in patients with CKD and contributes to the increase in uraemic toxins. However, the gut microbiome modulates local and systemic levels of several metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids or derivatives of tryptophan metabolism, neurotransmitters, endocannabinoid-like mediators, bile acids, hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) or cholecystokinin (CCK). These factors can affect gut function, immunity, autonomic nervous system activity and various aspects of brain function. Key areas include blood\u2013brain barrier integrity, nerve myelination and survival\/proliferation, appetite, metabolism and thermoregulation, mood, anxiety and depression, stress and local inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and the production of biologically active metabolites in patients with CKD are well documented and are favoured by low-fiber diets, elevated urea levels, sedentary lifestyles, slow stool transit times and polypharmacy. In turn, dysbiosis can modulate brain function and cognitive processes, as discussed in this review. Thus, the gut microbiome may contribute to alterations in cognition in patients with CKD and may be a target for therapeutic interventions using diet, prebiotics and probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1741877119000},"page":"ii4-ii17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The role of the intestinal microbiome in cognitive decline in patients with kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten A","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Zurich Kidney Center, University of Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Frey-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, RICORS2040 , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Unwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5384-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Liabeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center , Amiens ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie , Amiens ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Suzumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute , Ariano Irpino ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy , Naples ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Iervolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute , Ariano Irpino ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Campania \u201cL. 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