{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:10:23Z","timestamp":1790644223927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a common and important cause of acute and chronic kidney injury. The kidneys receive \u223c25% of the cardiac output exposing them to high drug concentrations. In addition, the kidneys actively participate in drug metabolism and excretion, thereby further increasing their susceptibility to drug-related toxic effects. Any compartment of the renal parenchyma such as the glomerulus, vasculature, tubules, and interstitium may be affected; however, the renal tubulointerstitium is the most frequent target. Several factors including patient\u2019s comorbidities, genetic predisposition, degree of drug exposure and the drug\u2019s biochemical structure and pharmacokinetics, affect one\u2019s susceptibility to renal injury. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial injury has five distinct patterns and mechanisms of injury: (i) direct acute tubular injury, (ii) acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, (iii) cast nephropathy, (iv) crystalline nephropathy, and (v) osmotic nephropathy. Acute tubular injury is often dose dependent, except in the case of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, which is an idiosyncratic response to drug exposure and therefore independent of dose. Prevention and treatment of drug-induced tubulointerstitial injury relies primarily on understanding the pathogenesis, identifying injurious risk factors, close monitoring of kidney function, and maintaining a high index of clinical suspicion when acute kidney injury, tubulopathies and chronic kidney disease occur. This review will focus on the biology of drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial kidney injury, common causes, drug handling, mechanisms of injury, risk factors for nephrotoxicity, and key clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T12:45:55Z","timestamp":1765716355000},"page":"1023-1036","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biology of drug-induced acute nephrotoxicity: focus on the tubulointerstitium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Namrata","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"VA Medical Center Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, , West Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Perazella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00150118","article-title":"Pharmacology behind common drug nephrotoxicities","volume":"13","author":"Perazella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-120000654","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of renal drug excretion","volume":"33","author":"Masereeuw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00251.x","article-title":"Cellular and molecular aspects of drug transport in the kidney","volume":"58","author":"Inui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05121-9","article-title":"Drug toxicity in the proximal tubule: new models, methods and mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032856","article-title":"Kidney drug transporters in pharmacotherapy","volume":"24","author":"\u0141apczuk-Romanska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02440314","article-title":"Handling of drugs, metabolites, and uremic toxins by kidney proximal tubule drug transporters","volume":"10","author":"Nigam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50037","article-title":"Drug-induced Fanconi\u2019s syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Izzedine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151341","article-title":"Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: novel insights into mechanisms and preventative strategies","volume":"42","author":"Motwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00631-7","article-title":"Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: new insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0392-z","article-title":"Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Manohar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.479","article-title":"The influence of acute kidney disease on the clinical outcomes of patients who received cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin","volume":"5","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08070715","article-title":"Long-term renal outcomes after cisplatin treatment","volume":"11","author":"Latcha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.05.034","article-title":"Magnesium attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating the expression of renal transporters","volume":"811","author":"Saito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.0756","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium and cisplatin-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000700","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors blunt kidney magnesium wasting in acute cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia with effects on the thick ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule","volume":"36","author":"Jesus","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1041","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00512.2019","article-title":"Canagliflozin reduces cisplatin uptake and activates Akt to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"318","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3533-z","article-title":"Aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in children","volume":"32","author":"McWilliam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.337","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: an integrative point of view","volume":"79","author":"Lopez-Novoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.83","article-title":"Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity","volume":"33","author":"Humes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11290821","article-title":"Drug-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"17","author":"Perazella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.09.017","article-title":"Toxic nephropathies of the tubulointerstitium: core curriculum 2024","volume":"83","author":"Krishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000094","article-title":"Lrpap1 (RAP) inhibits proximal tubule clathrin mediated and clathrin independent endocytosis, ameliorating renal aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03570-6","article-title":"Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a review of definition, pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrology"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16561","article-title":"Bioenergetic maladaptation and release of HMGB1 in calcineurin inhibitor-mediated nephrotoxicity","volume":"21","author":"Zmijewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis: pathology, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib26","first-page":"550","article-title":"Drug-induced acute kidney injury: diverse mechanisms of tubular injury","volume":"25","author":"Perazella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.11.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of drug-induced interstitial nephritis","volume":"24","author":"Raghavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k4226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4226","article-title":"Comparative safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"363","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03140-5","article-title":"Severe immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"71","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00990119","article-title":"The incidence, causes, and risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019070676","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI: a multicenter study","volume":"31","author":"Cortazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02344-y","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1159\/000538274","article-title":"Association of proton pump inhibitor use and immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis and a review of related outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0478-8","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors beyond tubulointerstitial nephritis: single-center experience","volume":"7","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad109","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their interaction with proton pump inhibitors-related interstitial nephritis","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198365","article-title":"Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases","volume":"14","author":"Hossen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08903-z","article-title":"Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"62","author":"Minaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050386","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of beta-lactam antibiotics: mechanisms and strategies for prevention","volume":"11","author":"Tune","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100647","article-title":"Mass spectrometric characterization of circulating and functional antigens derived from piperacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"187","author":"Whitaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2388","article-title":"Vancomycin-induced kidney injury: animal models of toxicodynamics, mechanisms of injury, human translation, and potential strategies for prevention","volume":"40","author":"Pais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042052","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review from pathophysiology to clinical application","volume":"23","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05920616","article-title":"Vancomycin and the risk of AKI: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sinha Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.04.035","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated tubular casts and vancomycin nephrotoxicity","volume":"6","author":"Tantranont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0295136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295136","article-title":"Vancomycin nephrotoxicity: a comprehensive clinico-pathological study","volume":"19","author":"Nachiappa Ganesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016080867","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated cast nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Luque","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0007282021","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated cast nephropathy: reality or fantasy?","volume":"3","author":"Stokes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu105","article-title":"Crystalline-induced kidney disease: a case for urine microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Luciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.09.003","article-title":"The crystalline nephropathies","volume":"6","author":"Perazella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.04.007","article-title":"Atazanavir crystal-induced chronic granulomatous interstitial nephritis","volume":"5","author":"Varghese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-024-03647-z","article-title":"Immune-related serious adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis621","article-title":"High incidence of renal stones among HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir than in those receiving other protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy","volume":"55","author":"Hamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70516","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70516","article-title":"Impact of Methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate exposure on renal toxicity in pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"14","author":"Bing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.10.044","article-title":"Osmotic nephrosis: acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes","volume":"51","author":"Dickenmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib54","first-page":"421","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic changes in proximal tubules of rats after administration of glucose, mannitol, sucrose, or dextran","volume":"11","author":"Maunsbach","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000179925","article-title":"Pinocytosis as the cause of sucrose nephrosis","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2020526","article-title":"Empagliflozin-induced severe osmotic nephrosis and acute renal injury in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Sia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0007882021","article-title":"Drug-induced osmotic nephropathy: add SGLT2-inhibitors to the list?","volume":"3","author":"Perazella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.01.015","article-title":"Osmotic nephrosis and acute kidney injury associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use: a case report","volume":"76","author":"Phadke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-021-00609-7","article-title":"Development of osmotic vacuolization of proximal tubular epithelial cells following treatment with sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors in type II diabetes mellitus patients-3 case reports","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e263859","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-263859","article-title":"Osmotic nephropathy triggered by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in a patient with IgA nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2026052900271761300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13235","article-title":"Hyperosmolarity induces Armanni-Ebstein-like renal tubular epithelial swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf266\/65883395\/gfaf266.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/6\/1023\/65883395\/gfaf266.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/6\/1023\/65883395\/gfaf266.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1780028842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/41\/6\/1023\/8380047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf266","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]}}}