{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:43:26Z","timestamp":1791924206047,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayo"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011542","name":"CCaTS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000871","name":"Mayo Clinic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC22\/00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC22\/00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INT23\/00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT23\/00078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD24\/0004\/0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0004\/0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2013associated acute interstitial nephritis (ICI-AIN), several promising urinary biomarkers have emerged as potential non-invasive diagnostics. Notably, recent studies have highlighted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), CXC motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL-9) and others as potential biomarkers to help distinguish ICI-AIN from other causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, a direct systematic comparison between these two biomarkers in a cohort of patients undergoing immunotherapy has not been performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively enrolled a cohort of ICI-treated cancer patients who developed AKI (including both ICI-AIN and ICI-Non-AIN AKI), as well as those without AKI, referred to as the internal validation cohort. Urinary CXCL-9 and TNF-\u03b1 were measured across all groups using the human Quantikine ELISA Kit. We externally validated our findings in a cohort of biopsy proven ICI-AIN patients from Spain, referred to as the external validation cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary CXCL-9 levels were significantly higher in ICI-AIN patients from Mayo (n\u00a0=\u00a040) compared with those with ICI-Non-AIN AKI (n\u00a0=\u00a036) and ICI-treated patients without AKI (n\u00a0=\u00a016) (both P\u00a0\u2264\u00a0.0001); these findings were confirmed in the validation cohort from Spain (n\u00a0=\u00a019) with P-values of .0008 and &amp;lt;.0001, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for urinary CXCL-9 distinguishing ICI-AIN biopsy proven (combined from both cohorts, n\u00a0=\u00a045) from ICI-Non-AIN AKI was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.74\u20130.92), while for urinary TNF-\u03b1 the AUC was 0.63 (0.51\u20130.75).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased urinary CXCL-9 was superior to TNF-\u03b1 as a biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of ICI-AIN, even after prior corticosteroid exposure, highlighting its promise as clinical diagnostic tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:43:57Z","timestamp":1769604237000},"page":"1457-1466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Urinary CXCL-9 outperforms TNF-\u03b1 for non-invasive diagnosis of immune checkpoint 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Al","family":"Refai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Department of Internal Medicine, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurparneet Kaur","family":"Sohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Department of Internal Medicine, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callen","family":"Giesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kottschade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Oncology, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetomir N","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Oncology, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Department of Internal Medicine, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Lieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Department of Internal Medicine, , Rochester, MN ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, , Rochester, MN 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