{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:55:47Z","timestamp":1792608947259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, closely linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. While traditional risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are prevalent in CKD, disease-specific mechanisms\u2014including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mineral disturbances and the accumulation of uraemic toxins\u2014further amplify cardiovascular vulnerability. In CKD, both the abundance and molecular cargo of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are altered, reflecting the underlying metabolic and inflammatory milieu. These EVs propagate endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification, inflammation, thrombosis and cardiac remodelling by transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins and microRNAs to target cells. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs not only serve as biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification of CVD in CKD but may also represent novel therapeutic targets. Preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of stem cell\u2013derived and engineered EVs to promote cardiac repair and modulate pathological signalling. However, translation into clinical practice requires rigorous standardization, safety validation and well-designed human trials. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms by which EVs bridge renal dysfunction and cardiovascular pathology, discusses their utility as biomarkers and outlines a research agenda for harnessing their therapeutic potential in CKD-associated CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T12:40:24Z","timestamp":1770468024000},"page":"1399-1411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Kidney\u2013heart crosstalk: the extracellular vesicles connection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Research Institute , New York ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem) , Ariano Irpino ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto (IPNET) , c\/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano , Reggio Calabria ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Valdivielso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida \u2013 Fundacio Dr Pifarre , IRBLleida, Lleida ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"RICORS 2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liffert","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology, , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Ntounousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Ioannina Department of Nephrology, , Ioannina ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Iatridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nejc","family":"Piko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Maribor Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, , Maribor ,","place":["Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugakumar","family":"Chinnappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Department of Nephrology, , Doncaster ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick B","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kanbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Koc University, School of Medicine , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mallamaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto (IPNET) , c\/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano , Reggio Calabria ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wiecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia Department of Nephrology, , Katowice ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Bussolati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turin Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, , Turin ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Bijkerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01853-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990\u20132023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"Mark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: a review from the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine Working Group of the European Renal Association","volume":"119","author":"Zoccali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321749","article-title":"Innate immunity system in patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease","volume":"132","author":"Zoccali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic options","volume":"143","author":"Jankowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2013Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090352","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of uremic toxins: a driver of cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Lekawanvijit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib7","first-page":"22B","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease, heart failure and anemia","volume":"24","author":"Virani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.70015","article-title":"Inter-organ crosstalk: the kidney\u2019s role in systemic health and disease","volume":"298","author":"Zoccali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00586-9","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Grange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985030","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.985030","article-title":"Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00725-w","article-title":"Circulating non-coding RNAs in chronic kidney disease and its complications","volume":"19","author":"van Zonneveld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727","article-title":"Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis","volume":"8","author":"Doyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00694-0","article-title":"Regulated cell death pathways in kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Sanz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501349","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501349","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and their impact on the design of custom EVs","volume":"14","author":"Carvalho Ferraz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504607","article-title":"Sympathetic activation promotes kidney fibrosis in mice via macrophage-derived N2ICD-enriched extracellular vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00305-y","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084194","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles tune the immune system in renal disease: a focus on systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy and ANCA-vasculitis","volume":"22","author":"Mazzariol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17957","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of vascular damage","volume":"79","author":"Buffolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314010","article-title":"Atherosclerotic conditions promote the packaging of functional microRNA-92a-3p into endothelial microvesicles","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.08.004","article-title":"Endothelial- and immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the regulation of cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70577","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNA passenger strand-enriched exosomes mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"124","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004099","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004099","article-title":"Macrophage foam cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote vascular smooth muscle cell migration and adhesion","volume":"5","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-020-0781-7","article-title":"M1-like macrophage-derived exosomes suppress angiogenesis and exacerbate cardiac dysfunction in a myocardial infarction microenvironment","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424473","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1424473","article-title":"Selective release of circRNAs in platelet-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"7","author":"Preu\u00dfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-025-01306-x","article-title":"Circular RNA role in atherosclerosis development and progression","volume":"27","author":"Greco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht007","article-title":"Aspirin treatment hampers the use of plasma microRNA-126 as a biomarker for the progression of vascular disease","volume":"34","author":"de Boer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.028","article-title":"Insulin resistance adipocyte-derived exosomes aggravate atherosclerosis by increasing vasa vasorum angiogenesis in diabetic ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1980-6","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux alterations in adolescent obesity: role of adipose-derived extracellular vesical microRNAs","volume":"17","author":"Barberio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S32923","article-title":"Microvesicles\/exosomes as potential novel biomarkers of metabolic diseases","volume":"5","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003178","article-title":"Role of plasma extracellular vesicles in prediction of cardiovascular risk and alterations in response to statin therapy in hypertensive patients","volume":"40","author":"Oggero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425159","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1425159","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Bern\u00e1th-Nagy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12607","article-title":"Endothelial microparticles reduce ICAM-1 expression in a microRNA-222-dependent mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/161393","article-title":"Role and Function of microRNAs in extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular biology","volume":"2015","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001720","article-title":"Endothelial microparticle-mediated transfer of MicroRNA-126 promotes vascular endothelial cell repair via SPRED1 and is abrogated in glucose-damaged endothelial microparticles","volume":"128","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21895","article-title":"Coronary serum exosomes derived from patients with myocardial ischemia regulate angiogenesis through the miR-939-mediated nitric oxide signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury through miR-182-regulated macrophage polarization","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28021","article-title":"Hypoxia-elicited mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitates cardiac repair through miR-125b-mediated prevention of cell death in myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.01.010","article-title":"miR-93-5p-containing exosomes treatment attenuates acute myocardial infarction-induced myocardial damage","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00713-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and immune activation in solid organ transplantation: the impact of immunosuppression","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13547","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713547","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in liver transplantation: current evidence and future challenges","volume":"24","author":"De Stefano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.24826","article-title":"Does aspirin affect extracellular vesicles involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Nilesh D\u2019Crus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-016-0068-0","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles can safely ameliorate the progression of chronic kidney diseases","volume":"20","author":"Nassar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060412","article-title":"How do uremic toxins affect the endothelium?","volume":"12","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122810","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of endothelial cells and extracellular vesicles in response to indoxyl sulfate: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"351","author":"Figuer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071763","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles under oxidative stress conditions: biological properties and physiological roles","volume":"10","author":"Chiaradia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00739","article-title":"Inflammation, senescence and microRNAs in chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Carmona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.02.003","article-title":"Predictive role of circulating endothelial-derived microparticles in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"48","author":"Berezin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa322","article-title":"MicroRNA-mediated vascular intercellular communication is altered in chronic kidney disease","volume":"118","author":"Zietzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87710-0","article-title":"Detection of pro angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with CKD","volume":"11","author":"Jalal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118295","article-title":"Advanced chronic kidney disease is associated with higher serum concentration of monocyte microparticles","volume":"260","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018040368","article-title":"Platelet microparticles mediate glomerular endothelial injury in early diabetic nephropathy","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz145","article-title":"Cellular origin and microRNA profiles of circulating extracellular vesicles in different stages of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Uil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41101-8","article-title":"Serum levels of miR-126 and miR-223 and outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Fourdinier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.02.005","article-title":"Supervised and unsupervised learning to define the cardiovascular risk of patients according to an extracellular vesicle molecular signature","volume":"244","author":"Burrello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306772","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00078","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as mediators of cardiovascular calcification","volume":"4","author":"Bakhshian Nik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174977","article-title":"Activation of the IKK2\/NF-\u03baB pathway in VSMCs inhibits calcified vascular stiffness in CKD","volume":"9","author":"Miyazaki-Anzai","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H553","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00280.2022","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition prevents vascular calcifying extracellular vesicle biogenesis","volume":"324","author":"Bakhshian Nik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06522-2","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic roles of endothelial- and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"23","author":"Febo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70062","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70062","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicles as putative mediators of cardiovascular disease in paediatric chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Behrens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01200-x","article-title":"Recent advances in the roles of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: pathophysiological mechanisms, biomarkers, and cell-free therapeutic strategy","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092704","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1092704","article-title":"Intravenous iron supplementation in heart failure patients induces temporary endothelial dysfunction with release of endothelial microvesicles","volume":"13","author":"Mause","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000543685","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Hannouneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000529709","article-title":"Exosomes in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00535-6","article-title":"Kidney and heart failure outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use","volume":"18","author":"van der Aart-van der Beek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in renal inflammatory and infectious diseases","volume":"171","author":"Karpman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310752","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease","volume":"120","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52765-7","article-title":"Simvastatin mediates inhibition of exosome synthesis, localization and secretion via multicomponent interventions","volume":"9","author":"Kulshreshtha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20193053","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20193053","article-title":"Atorvastatin improves the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells via the miR-221\/VEGFA axis","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.12.003","article-title":"Statins and the vascular endothelial inflammatory response","volume":"28","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63718-2","article-title":"Engineered exosomes with KrasG12D specific siRNA in pancreatic cancer: a phase I study with immunological correlates","volume":"16","author":"Kalluri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16013-5","article-title":"Impact of micro-RNAs as biomarkers for end-stage renal disease related to hypertension and diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Ata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae134","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae134","article-title":"Intradialytic cardiovascular injury is lowest in high-volume haemodiafiltration: a randomized cross-over trial in four intermittent dialysis strategies","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.015","article-title":"PCSK9 promotes arterial medial calcification","volume":"346","author":"Lupo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101937","article-title":"Circulating argonaute-bound microRNA-126 reports vascular dysfunction and treatment response in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Scullion","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01235-4","article-title":"Role of canagliflozin on function of CD34+ve endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Nandula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800747","article-title":"Online hemodiafiltration inhibits inflammation-related endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification of uremic patients modulating miR-223 expression in plasma extracellular vesicles","volume":"202","author":"Cavallari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026073101114156600_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073798","article-title":"Urinary exosomal microRNAs in incipient diabetic nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Barutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfag022\/66820703\/gfag022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/8\/1399\/66820703\/gfag022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/8\/1399\/66820703\/gfag022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:11:52Z","timestamp":1785474712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/41\/8\/1399\/8469385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfag022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}