{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:36:12Z","timestamp":1787664972214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"STADAPHARM GmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Albuminuria and proteinuria are key biomarkers for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring of chronic kidney disease. Both are also strongly associated with renal and cardiovascular risk. Given their important diagnostic role, reliable measurement of urinary albumin and protein is essential for clinical practice and trials. However, variability in the methodology presently used to collect, store, and prepare urine samples may influence assay performance and contribute to inconsistent results. In response to a call for harmonization, the United States of America National Kidney Foundation organized a workshop in April 2025 to define optimal methods and practices for measuring albuminuria and proteinuria. As part of this initiative, the available evidence on pre-analytical factors affecting urinary albumin and protein measurements was discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>For this purpose, a narrative literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies focusing on urine collection strategies, including 24-h versus single-void samples, timing of sample collection, the need for repeated measurements, clinical conditions that may cause false-positive results, and the effects of sample storage and handling under various temperature conditions. Given heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures, findings were synthesized qualitatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This consensus report summarizes the findings of this literature review and the resulting discussion. It highlights the importance of standardized urine collection and handling procedures to minimize biological and analytical variability. In addition, it provides practical recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:39:20Z","timestamp":1776944360000},"page":"ii12-ii22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recommendations for pre-analytical urine sample handling to allow optimal assessment of albuminuria and proteinuria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2730-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ridderbos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Kolff Centre for Kidney Research, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"van\u00a0Mil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Kolff Centre for Kidney Research, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Fellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara S","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Studies Group, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilio","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5473-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"La\u00a0Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2013Universitaria di Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"Mepschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Kolff Centre for Kidney Research, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Greg","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Panteghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , Torun ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende\u2013Hospital \u2018SS. 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