{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:43:59Z","timestamp":1793137439756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MD014712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD014712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CDK114886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CDK114886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54DK083912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54DK083912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK100846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK100846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OT2HL161847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2HL161847"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI109568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI109568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OT2OD032581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2OD032581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"CDC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D301-21-P-12254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D301-21-P-12254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"CDC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D301-23-C-18264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D301-23-C-18264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Travere"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Benaroya Research Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032489","name":"Breakthrough T1D","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC22\/00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC22\/00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INT23\/00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT23\/00078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/01510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/01510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21\/0005\/31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD24\/0004\/0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0004\/0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Catalan Management Agency for University and Research","award":["2021 SGR 00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00883"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a central role in regulating renal hemodynamics, sodium and water balance, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Chronic RAAS activation contributes to hypertension, proteinuria, inflammation, fluid overload, and fibrosis, making RAAS blockade (RAASb) a cornerstone therapy across the kidney life cycle. Over the past decades, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have demonstrated substantial benefits in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, reducing proteinuria, and lowering cardiovascular risk. However, the efficacy and safety of RAASb vary according to the kidney life cycle. Evidence supports its use in proteinuric CKD and even in advanced stages, whereas the benefit in non-proteinuric disease remains limited. Novel non-steroidal MRAs such as finerenone further enhance renal and cardiovascular protection, particularly in persons with diabetes and CKD. In dialysis populations, RAASb may preserve residual kidney function and improve cardiac structure\/function, although the benefit of steroidal MRAs remains uncertain. In kidney transplantation, RAASb appears safe and may improve long-term graft and patient survival, particularly when initiated early. The emergence of SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists has reshaped therapeutic strategies, with accumulating evidence supporting complementary rather than competing roles with RAASb. This review synthesizes current evidence on RAAS modulation across the kidney life cycle from primary prevention to advanced CKD, dialysis, and transplantation, highlighting both established benefits and areas of current clinical uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:51:27Z","timestamp":1776430287000},"page":"1227-1238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["RAAS blockade in the kidney life-cycle\u2013treatment standard"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1223-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Moriconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"AP-HP, Pharmacology Unit , Hopital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Garcia-Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Carlos University Clinical Hospital Nephrology Department, , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-7119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n INCLIVA Department of Cardiology, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBER Cardiovascular Department of Medicine, , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Correa-Rotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, , Mexico City ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Tuttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Providence Medical Research Center , Providence Inland Northwest Health, Spokane, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Nephrology Department, , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud \u00a0 (RICORS-2040)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib1","volume-title":"Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System","author":"Fountain","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.091","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): the ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies","volume":"94","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042167","article-title":"Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes","volume":"351","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007994","article-title":"Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes","volume":"364","author":"Haller","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.10.1576","article-title":"Effective postponement of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S004","article-title":"4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.04.005","article-title":"Preventing chronic kidney disease and maintaining kidney health: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"108","author":"Ortiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease","volume":"99","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib10","first-page":"e78845","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Mhmndar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00007","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data","volume":"135","author":"Jafar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.01.031","article-title":"Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Balamuthusamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2719","article-title":"Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"285","author":"Agodoa","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910975","article-title":"Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease","volume":"363","author":"Appel","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.23184","article-title":"Cardiac effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in nonproteinuric CKD","volume":"81","author":"Shulman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-3236","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers for advanced chronic kidney disease\u202f: a systematic review and retrospective individual participant-level meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"177","author":"Ku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib18","first-page":"1718","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Vendeville","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.09.012","article-title":"Evaluation of the stopping angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor compared to angiotensin receptor blocker (STOP ACEi trial) in advanced and progressive chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Bhandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.04.002","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced kidney disease: stop or continue?","volume":"2","author":"Burnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hipert.2023.11.005","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers effect in chronic kidney disease progression in hypertensive elderly patients without proteinuria: PROERCAN trial","volume":"41","author":"Garc\u00eda-Prieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hipertension y Riesgo Vasc"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib22","first-page":"2449","article-title":"Effective postponement of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria","volume":"406","author":"Bakris","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of Finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac234","article-title":"A comparative post hoc analysis of finerenone and spironolactone in resistant hypertension in moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2023.12.002","article-title":"Consensus document on the management of hyperkalemia","volume":"43","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)02014-8","article-title":"Balcinrenone in combination with dapagliflozin compared with dapagliflozin alone in patients with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria: a randomised, active-controlled double-blind, phase 2b clinical trial","volume":"406","author":"Heerspink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae132","article-title":"Design and baseline characteristics of the Finerenone, in addition to standard of care, on the progression of kidney disease in patients with Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (FIND-CKD) randomized trial","volume":"40","author":"Heerspink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2025.07.039","article-title":"Finerenone as a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for lupus nephritis","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab777","article-title":"Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis","volume":"43","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-1023","article-title":"Impact of Finerenone-induced albuminuria reduction on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a mediation analysis","volume":"176","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110908","article-title":"Rationale and design of a randomised phase III registration trial investigating finerenone in participants with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FINE-ONE trial","volume":"204","author":"Heerspink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/S13063-024-08021-Z","article-title":"Investigating the use of finerenone in children with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: design of the FIONA and open-label extension studies","volume":"25","author":"Schaefer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03263-5","article-title":"Low-dose spironolactone and cardiovascular outcomes in moderate stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Hobbs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfaf038","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf038","article-title":"Does low-dose spironolactone increase cardiovascular protection in patients with chronic kidney disease?","volume":"18","author":"Garc\u00eda-Carro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","author":"Herrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410659","article-title":"Finerenone with Empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes","volume":"393","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43614-9","article-title":"Renoprotective potential of concomittant medications with SGLT2 inhibitors and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy without albuminuria: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"Effects of Semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03327-6","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with overweight or obesity and chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Apperloo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.011","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0005852020","article-title":"Clinical outcomes by albuminuria status with Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in participants with diabetes and CKD: AWARD-7 exploratory analysis","volume":"2","author":"Tuttle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1169","article-title":"Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist vs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use with mortality among patients with Type 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50199-y","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists\u2019 impact on cardio-renal outcomes and mortality in T2D with acute kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067584","article-title":"Estimated lifetime cardiovascular, kidney, and mortality benefits of combination treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and nonsteroidal MRA compared with conventional care in patients with Type 2 diabetes and albuminuria","volume":"149","author":"Neuen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6762029","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6762029","article-title":"Effects of ACEIs and ARBs on the residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"2020","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2002.00127.x","article-title":"FOSIDIAL: a randomised placebo controlled trial of the effects of fosinopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Study design and patients\u2019 baseline characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Zannad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac253","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Georgianos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft515","article-title":"Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1159\/000438821","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor dialyzability and outcomes in older patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"40","author":"Weir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828189","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.828189","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent patients: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823530","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.823530","article-title":"Association of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists with the mortality and cardiovascular effects in dialysis patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01198-5","article-title":"Spironolactone versus placebo in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis (ACHIEVE): an international, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial","volume":"406","author":"Walsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01194-8","article-title":"Spironolactone in patients on chronic haemodialysis at high risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes (ALCHEMIST): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial and updated meta-analysis","volume":"406","author":"Rossignol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01153-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with kidney failure requiring dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"406","author":"Pyne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib58","first-page":"744","article-title":"Impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade on mortality and allograft loss among renal transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Kung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04800908","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Naesens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.110","article-title":"Contribution of aldosterone to cardiovascular and renal inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000439","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on kidney function in kidney transplant recipients (the SPIREN trial): a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Mortensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05300516","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in children with chronic kidney allograft nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Medeiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522558","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1522558","article-title":"Safety of ACEI\/ARB use in the early (&lt;3 months) post kidney transplant period: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026062922471320200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfag090\/68116033\/gfag090.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/7\/1227\/68116033\/gfag090.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/41\/7\/1227\/68116033\/gfag090.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:47:39Z","timestamp":1782787659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article\/41\/7\/1227\/8659306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfag090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]}}}