{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:45:47Z","timestamp":1787964347419,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden. While studies have demonstrated sex disparities in CKD prevalence and outcomes, evidence on sex-based differences in therapeutic management remains limited. This analysis aims to assess sex disparities in the receipt of evidence-based medications in a global CKD cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a substudy of the Global Kidney Patient Trials Network, a prospective, observational, international cohort of CKD patients. The exposure of this study is biological sex, and the main outcomes are the receipt of evidence-based medications for CKD, including renin\u2013angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis), sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), and diuretics. Adjusted multivariable logistic models were conducted to examine associations between sex and proportion of receiving medications, as well as the interactions between sex and other key clinical characteristics (advanced age, high Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes prognosis risk, and comorbid condition).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4192 participants were eligible, and 40.9% were female. Females had lower odds of receiving RASi [odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64\u20130.88; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001] and SGLT2i (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.64\u20130.98; P = .03) compared to males, after adjusting for age, region, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, presence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, CKD aetiology, and prognosis risk, with no significant difference in the receipt of diuretics. There were no significant interactions between sex and any other key clinical characteristics, indicating that the disparities in the receipt of RASi and SGLT2i remained consistent across high-risk subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female patients with CKD are less likely to receive evidence-based medications than males, irrespective of established CKD risk factors. This difference highlights potential inequities in treatment globally that may result in outcome disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:12:40Z","timestamp":1781611960000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex disparities in receiving evidence-based medications in patients with CKD"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7481-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, 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,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian H","family":"de\u00a0Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meg","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeera","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Division of Nephrology, and St Paul\u2019s Hospital, Providence Health Care , Vancouver ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1134-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose L","family":"G\u00f3rriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Clinical Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research, University of Valencia , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3126-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiddo L","family":"Heerspink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sradha","family":"Kotwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW , Sydney, NSW ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital Department of Nephrology, , Sydney, NSW 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