{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:08:19Z","timestamp":1788775699345,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most frequent glomerular disease in children, yet robust population-based data remain limited, particularly at the national level. We hypothesized that nationwide health data could provide reliable estimates of INS incidence and help characterize its spatial and temporal patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a nationwide cohort study using the French National Health Data System (SNDS), which covers nearly the entire population and captures hospital, emergency, and day-care activity. Children and adolescents &amp;lt;20 years with an in-hospital diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome between 2013 and 2023 were identified and validated through oral corticosteroid (OCS) dispensing. A 7-year wash-out period excluded prevalent cases. We estimated national incidence, identified spatial clusters using SaTScan, and assessed seasonality using Seasonal-Trend Decomposition (STL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analytic cohort included 4475 incident INS cases (62% boys; median age, 6 years). External validation against the NEPHROVIR cohort showed 84% sensitivity with comparable age and sex distributions. The national mean annual incidence was 2.49 per 100\u2009000 person-years [95% confidence intervals (CI), 2.41\u20132.56], higher in boys (3.05) than in girls (1.93). Two significant high-risk clusters were identified: the Paris area [standardized incidence ratio (SIR), 1.59; P &amp;lt; 0.001] and south-western France (SIR, 1.34; P &amp;lt; 0.001). These clusters were consistent across sensitivity analyses. STL analysis revealed a reproducible bimodal seasonal pattern with peaks in winter and late spring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationwide study provides robust estimates of pediatric INS incidence in France and identifies geographic clustering and consistent seasonal patterns, suggesting a potential role for environmental and infectious factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:38:26Z","timestamp":1787657906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial and seasonal patterns of pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in France"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology department, H\u00f4pital Armand Trousseau, ORIGYNE, APHP.Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCP, \u00c9tablissement fran\u00e7ais du sang , La Plaine Saint-Denis ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Merieau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Department, CHU Tours ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaba","family":"Valtuille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Investigations, APHP.Nord, INSERM CIC1426, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Ulinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology department, H\u00f4pital Armand Trousseau, ORIGYNE, APHP.Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0603-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Duneton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Department, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentia","family":"Kaguelidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Investigations, APHP.Nord, INSERM CIC1426, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital , Paris 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