{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:38:41Z","timestamp":1791308321565,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]],"date-time":"2015-04-16T21:03:57Z","timestamp":1429218237000},"page":"737-746","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":338,"title":["Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nosratola D.","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine V.","family":"Pahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200311000-00004"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00600.x"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200401000-00013"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2004.06.026"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.516","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation, a link between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease","volume":"111","author":"Cachofeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000085525","article-title":"Inflammation in end-stage renal disease\u2014a fire that burns within","volume":"149","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00950208"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130327"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.41"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002019"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03090509"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00421.2009"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.175828"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft022"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.439"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.02.009"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.10.027"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft269"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.675","article-title":"The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone Symposium \u2018the intelligent intestine\u2019, held in Paris","volume":"78","author":"Bourlioux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058709"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001103"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.7.1857S","article-title":"Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host","volume":"130","author":"Metges","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.28.7.285"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.11.007"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.67"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0334-0"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900702","article-title":"Commensal bacteria, redox stress, and colorectal cancer: mechanisms and models","volume":"229","author":"Huycke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784480207"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu343"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307542"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.38","first-page":"608","article-title":"Pathology of gastrointestinal tract in chronic hemodialysis patients: an autopsy study of 78 cases","volume":"80","author":"Vaziri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V641313","article-title":"Effect of chronic experimental renal insufficiency on urate metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Vaziri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0860511"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V561339","article-title":"Intestinal excretion of oxalate in chronic renal failure","volume":"5","author":"Hatch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrology"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360010"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000181424"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071292"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010121220"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35111"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/472040a"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(91)90046-C","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of blood plasma and urine from subjects with chronic renal failure: identification of trimethylamine-N-oxide","volume":"1096","author":"Bell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfk056"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.12.006","article-title":"Novel gaseous breath and fecal biomarkers of CKD","volume":"1830","author":"Meinardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta- Gen Subjects"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345969"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau WL , Liu S , Pahlevan S et al . Role of Nrf2 dysfunction in uremia-associated intestinal inflammation and epithelial barrier disruption. Dig Dis Sci 2014; PMID: 25399330 [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3428-4"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl273"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03600807"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.05.004"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.06.022"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03490708"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01647.x"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2242-0"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-003-0381-7"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3202-7"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3287-z"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.66","unstructured":"Andrade-Oliveira V , Amano MT , Correa-Costa M et al . Gut bacteria products prevent AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; pii: ASN.2014030288"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G851","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.279.5.G851","article-title":"Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells","volume":"279","author":"Nusrat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000186158"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.7.754"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000321848"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr624"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353764"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343886"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(03)00104-1"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32830a4c6e"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.016"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12271","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial barrier function in liver cirrhosis: an extensive review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Pijls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318240b59b"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.05.020"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90051-8"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.165"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409063111002"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.10.020"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp005"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114881"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00490114"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001523"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2010.00891.x"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.09.006","article-title":"Metabolomic search for uremic toxins as indicators of the effect of an oral sorbent AST-120 by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.504"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.11.032","article-title":"Recent progress in the analysis of uremic toxins by mass spectrometry","volume":"877","author":"Niwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.10.015"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.95","first-page":"535","article-title":"Cardiorenal protective effect of the oral uremic toxin absorbent AST-120 in chronic heart disease patients with moderate CKD","volume":"23","author":"Shibahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.01.023"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0112023"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2010.00882.x"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351171"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-010-0059-9"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.101","first-page":"582","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on human blood urea levels in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"29","author":"Miranda Alatriste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"2016042803071546000_31.5.737.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568571","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/568571","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of strain-specific probiotic formulation (renadyl) in dialysis patients","volume":"2014","author":"Natarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"}],"container-title":["Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-pdf\/31\/5\/737\/6838179\/gfv095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T03:57:48Z","timestamp":1651723068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ndt\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-0509","1460-2385"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2385","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]]}}}