{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:01:08Z","timestamp":1793325668670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two genetic variants in apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with increased risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as other glomerular phenotypes. These risk variants are common in individuals of African ancestry but absent in other racial groups. Yet, the majority of individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles [high-risk (HR) genotype] do not have renal disease. It is critical to identify environmental and secondary genetic influences that, when combined with these alleles, lead to kidney disease. In a recent study of black children with glomerular disease enrolled in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study (n = 104), we found that subjects with an HR genotype had a 4.6-fold increase in the odds of preterm birth as compared to those with a low risk (LR) genotype [odds ratio 4.6 (CI 1.4\u201315.5)]. There are known racial disparities in preterm birth, which itself is a known risk factor for chronic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Thus, we questioned whether an HR APOL1 genotype is associated with prematurity in the general African American population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed two publically available genetic datasets of preterm birth in African Americans, including 867 infants and 519 mothers from the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) study of preterm delivery and 960 mothers from the Boston Medical Center genome-wide association study of preterm birth. We performed multivariable analyses testing for association between HR APOL1 and birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both studies, there was no association between HR APOL1 in mothers and prematurity, gestational age or birthweight. Additionally, in the GENEVA study, we saw no association between infant HR APOL1 and prematurity, gestational age or birthweight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From these data, we conclude that the previously observed association between HR APOL1 and prematurity is specific to those with glomerular disease, suggesting prematurity may act as an additional risk factor in APOL1-associated renal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T20:29:46Z","timestamp":1474057786000},"page":"2051-2058","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An investigation of\n                    <i>APOL1<\/i>\n                    risk genotypes and preterm birth in African American population cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Catherine C","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Michigan School of Medicine Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Michigan School of Medicine Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary K B","family":"Putler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Michigan School of Medicine Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J","family":"Reidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Michigan School of Medicine Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew G","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Michigan School of Medicine Pediatric Nephrology , , 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102312500853700_GFW317C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032","article-title":"Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African 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