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We then identified the subset of 2256 \u2018healthy\u2019 subjects to define age- and sex-specific reference ranges (2.5\u201397.5 percentile) of kidney volume. Logistic regression (accounting for family clustering) was used to identify the clinical characteristics associated with abnormally large kidneys or abnormally small kidneys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the healthy subset, kidney volume and length increased up to the fourth to fifth decade of life followed by a progressive decrease in men, whereas there was a gradual kidney volume decrease throughout the lifespan of women. In the whole sample, independent predictors of lower kidney volume (&amp;lt;2.5 percentile for age and sex) were male sex, low body mass index, short height, low waist:hip ratio and high serum creatinine (SCr); the independent predictors of larger kidney volume (&amp;gt;97.5 percentile for age and sex) were younger age, female sex, diabetes, obesity, high height, high waist:hip ratio and lower SCr. Estimated heritability for kidney volume was 15%, and for length 27%; kidney volume correlated strongly with birthweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, in a general healthy population, kidney measures declined with age differently in men and women. The determinants of kidney parenchymal volume include genetic factors and modifiable clinical factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T11:10:50Z","timestamp":1533294650000},"page":"640-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Kidney size in relation to ageing, gender, renal function, birthweight and chronic kidney disease risk factors in a general population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Doloretta","family":"Piras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Struttura complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda Ospedaliera G. 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Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Racugno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Statistica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Statistica, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zoledziewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerca Biomedica e Genetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maristella","family":"Steri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerca Biomedica e Genetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center ProgeNIA, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lanusei, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G","family":"Pilia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center ProgeNIA, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lanusei, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Schlessinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cucca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerca Biomedica e Genetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Rule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Pani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Struttura complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda Ospedaliera G. 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