{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:30:38Z","timestamp":1759937438166,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hyperkalemia represents a common and potentially life-threating electrolyte abnormality, a complication frequently observed in patients with heart failure, kidney disease, diabetes or in those receiving drug therapies influencing the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system. Elevated serum potassium levels are often the result of impaired urinary potassium elimination, inadequate or reduced cellular potassium uptake, severe heart failure, use of medications influencing potassium levels in the circulation, or, more commonly, a combination of these factors. Strategies for the treatment of nonemergent hyperkalemia include the use of cation-exchange resins, polymers or other novel mechanisms of potassium trapping, including sodium polystyrene sulfonate, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. These agents differ in their pharmacology and mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, including onset and extent of potassium-lowering effect, dosage and administration, and potential safety and adverse effect profiles. In this review, an evaluation of these characteristics, including clinical evidence and safety concerns, in the management of nonemergent hyperkalemia will be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T04:15:42Z","timestamp":1570508142000},"page":"iii45-iii50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Potassium-lowering agents for the treatment of nonemergent hyperkalemia: pharmacology, dosing and comparative efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mary Barna","family":"Bridgeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milisha","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019120409205075900_gfz223-B1","volume-title":"Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"Mount","year":"2019","edition":"20"},{"year":"1995","key":"2019120409205075900_gfz223-B2"},{"key":"2019120409205075900_gfz223-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.17056","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia","volume":"84","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"2019120409205075900_gfz223-B4","first-page":"IV-121","article-title":"American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. 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