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We need to understand more of the science in human GBMs in early trials: the \u201cwindow of opportunity\u201d design may not be best to understand complex changes brought about by immunotherapeutic perturbations of the GBM microenvironment. The convergence of increased safety of image-guided biopsies with \u201cmulti-omics\u201d of small cell numbers now permits longitudinal sampling of tumor and biofluids to dissect the complex temporal changes in the GBM microenvironment as a function of the immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T21:04:44Z","timestamp":1700773484000},"page":"211-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Lessons learned from phase 3 trials of immunotherapy for glioblastoma: Time for longitudinal sampling?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ethan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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