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As modern cancer therapeutics have prolonged the lives of patients with metastatic cancer, specifically in patients with parenchymal brain metastases, treatment options, and clinical research protocols for patients with LM from solid tumors have similarly evolved to improve survival within specific populations. Recent expansions in clinical investigation, early diagnosis, and drug development have given rise to new unanswered questions. These include leptomeningeal metastasis biology and preferred animal modeling, epidemiology in the modern cancer population, ensuring validation and accessibility of newer leptomeningeal metastasis diagnostics, best clinical practices with multimodality treatment options, clinical trial design and standardization of response assessments, and avenues worthy of further research. An international group of multi-disciplinary experts in the research and management of LM, supported by the Society for Neuro-Oncology and American Society of Clinical Oncology, were assembled to reach a consensus opinion on these pressing topics and provide a roadmap for future directions. Our hope is that these recommendations will accelerate collaboration and progress in the field of LM and serve as a platform for further discussion and patient advocacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T02:52:40Z","timestamp":1717728760000},"page":"1781-1804","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology and American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus review on clinical management and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugonma N","family":"Chukwueke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Ju","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8941-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayal A","family":"Aizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital \/ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3641-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejus A","family":"Bale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieta","family":"Brandsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuro-Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4470-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla K","family":"Brastianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, University of San Francisco California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariza","family":"Daras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. 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