{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:00:52Z","timestamp":1793041252592,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002203","name":"Brain Tumour Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GN-000707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-000707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracerebral schwannomas are rare tumors resembling their peripheral nerve sheath counterparts but localized in the central nervous system (CNS). They are not classified as a separate tumor type in the 2021 World Health Organization classification. This study aimed to compile and characterize these rare neoplasms morphologically and molecularly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 20 tumor samples by histology, RNA next-generation sequencing, DNA-methylation profiling, copy number analyses, and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). Clinical data, including age, sex, and disease progression, were collected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) series were included when available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All cases with tissue available for histology review (n\u2005=\u200513) were morphologically consistent with intracerebral schwannoma, but differed in their extent of glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. All (n\u2005=\u200520) shared DNA-methylation profiles distinct from other CNS tumors, as well as from Vestigial-like family (VGLL)-altered peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Most cases (n\u2005=\u200514\/17) harbored fusions of either Vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3) or Vestigial-like Family member 1 (VGLL1) (CHD7::VGLL3 [n\u2005=\u20059\/17] and EWSR1::VGLL1 [n\u2005=\u20055\/17]). In 2 cases, the presence of a VGLL3 fusion was also confirmed by copy number analyses (n\u2005=\u20052\/17). MRI (n\u2005=\u20054) showed well-defined, nodular tumors with strong, homogeneous enhancement and no diffusion restriction. Tumors were located throughout the neuroaxis (supratentorial [n\u2005=\u200515], infratentorial [n\u2005=\u20054], and spinal [n\u2005=\u20051]). snRNA-seq of a VGLL1-fused tumor indicated VGLL1 upregulation in 28.6% of tumor cells (n\u2005=\u20051). During a median follow-up of 1.8 years (range 3 months-9 years), none of the tumors recurred (n\u2005=\u200510).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identify and define a new benign tumor class, designated VGLL-altered intraparenchymal CNS schwannomas. These tumors feature VGLL alterations and a specific DNA-methylation profile, with schwannoma-like histopathology and CNS localization, akin to previously classified intracerebral schwannomas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T15:33:54Z","timestamp":1734363234000},"page":"1031-1045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["VGLL fusions define a new class of intraparenchymal central nervous system schwannoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neuropathologie , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanish","family":"Mirchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neuroradioloie , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilon","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neurology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin","family":"Siewert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neuropathologie , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"N\u00fcckles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neuropathologie , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Schittenhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Behling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotechnology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, T\u00fcbingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Eberhard-Karls University T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matija","family":"Snuderl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9821-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Brandner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M L","family":"Paine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre , Nottingham ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute , Nottingham ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Korshunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hasselblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Coras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partner of the European Reference Network (ERN) EpiCARE , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen , FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1038-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridhar","family":"Epari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurooncology Disease Management Group, Tata Memorial Centre, Dr Ernest Borges Marg and Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Stadelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Zechel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, German HIT-LOGGIC-Registry for pLGG in children and adolescents, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelena","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Akron Children\u2019s , Ohio ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6223-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gianno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomic Pathology, Sapienza University , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology\u2013Neuropathology, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Calixto-Hope G","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Zherebitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassil B","family":"Kaimaktchiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Providence Hood River Memorial Hospital , Hood River, Oregon ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology , The Dalles, Oregon ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1098-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraina","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5119-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Aldape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Centre for Cancer Research , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco W","family":"Hoving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan B J","family":"Tops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwyn Augustine","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Heidelberg Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Hopp Children\u2019s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2909-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"G\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Hern\u00e1iz Driever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German HIT-LOGGIC-Registry of low-grade glioma in children and adolescents"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Wesseling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers\/VUmc , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8589-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arend","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Neuropathologie , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5441-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Sahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg and CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T W","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children\u2019s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Capper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0001","volume-title":"Central Nervous System Tumours.","author":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board","year":"2021","edition":"5"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.11.003","article-title":"Neurological and vascular complications of primary and secondary brain tumours: EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000717","article-title":"Management of pediatric low-grade glioma","volume":"31","author":"de Blank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00902-z","article-title":"Pediatric low-grade glioma in the era of molecular diagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Ryall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.24.2.0552","article-title":"Intracerebral schwannoma: report of a case","volume":"24","author":"Gibson","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-01049-z","article-title":"Brainstem intraparenchymal schwannoma with genetic analysis: a case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Ishigami","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13703","article-title":"Novel EWSR1-VGLL1 fusion in a pediatric neuroepithelial neoplasm","volume":"97","author":"Kundishora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Genet."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_621_2021","article-title":"Brainstem intraparenchymal schwannoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Kovalainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2020.1849318","article-title":"Intraparenchymal schwannoma: a rare entity","volume":"45","author":"Vaphiades","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712464","article-title":"Fractionated radiosurgical treatment of intracerebral schwannoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"82","author":"Tokarev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg Part A, Central Eur Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197805000-00007","article-title":"Gliofibroma. A peculiar neoplasia of collagen forming glia-like cells","volume":"37","author":"Friede","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/15513815.2015.1122124","article-title":"Gliofibroma: report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308481","article-title":"Gliofibroma: immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"83","author":"Schober","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0015","author":"molecularneuropathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22823","article-title":"A novel EWSR1-VGLL1 gene fusion in a soft tissue malignant myoepithelial tumor","volume":"59","author":"Komatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821736-8.00005-4","article-title":"Chapter 10\u2014Schwannoma","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Brain and Spinal Tumors","author":"Moini","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000238","article-title":"Alterations in the NF2\/LATS1\/LATS2\/YAP pathway in Schwannomas","volume":"74","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0019","first-page":"e14","article-title":"Schwannoma development is mediated by hippo pathway dysregulation and modified by RAS\/MAPK signaling","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"1514","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad121","article-title":"Novel SOX10 indel mutations drive schwannomas through impaired transactivation of myelination gene programs","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100427","article-title":"Systematic characterization of the clinical and pathological features of schwannomas harboring SH3PXD2A::HTRA1 fusion","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Modern Pathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00783-0","article-title":"Hybrid schwannoma-perineurioma frequently harbors VGLL3 rearrangement","volume":"34","author":"Dickson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modern Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2021.106278","article-title":"Epigenome-wide data collection in a case of gliofibroma","volume":"59","author":"Behling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001858","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and molecular study of hybrid nerve sheath tumors reveals their common association with fusions involving VGLL3","volume":"46","author":"Nihous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25495\/7GXK-RD71","volume-title":"Zenodo","author":"European Organization For Nuclear Research, OpenAIRE","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.9.876","article-title":"A \u201cquickscore\u201d method for immunohistochemical semiquantitation: validation for oestrogen receptor in breast carcinomas","volume":"48","author":"Detre","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol."},{"issue":"7697","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26000","article-title":"DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours","volume":"555","author":"Capper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20603-4","article-title":"Sarcoma classification by DNA methylation profiling","volume":"12","author":"Koelsche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0029","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu049","article-title":"Minfi: a flexible and comprehensive Bioconductor package for the analysis of Infinium DNA methylation microarrays","volume":"30","author":"Aryee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0031","article-title":"Rtsne: T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding using Barnes-Hut implementation","author":"Jesse","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0032","article-title":"conumee: enhanced copy-number variation analysis using Illumina DNA methylation arrays","author":"Hovestadt","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"btae029","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae029","article-title":"Conumee 2.0: enhanced copy-number variation analysis from DNA methylation arrays for humans and mice","volume":"40","author":"Daenekas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf Engl."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1879-y","article-title":"Practical implementation of DNA methylation and copy-number-based CNS tumor diagnostics: the Heidelberg experience","volume":"136","author":"Capper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R228","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-10-r228","article-title":"Breaking the waves: improved detection of copy number variation from microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization","volume":"8","author":"Marioni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn556","article-title":"Adjustment of genomic waves in signal intensities from whole-genome SNP genotyping platforms","volume":"36","author":"Diskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.257246.119","article-title":"Accurate and efficient detection of gene fusions from RNA sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Uhrig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"issue":"D1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D766","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky955","article-title":"GENCODE reference annotation for the human and mouse genomes","volume":"47","author":"Frankish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq603","article-title":"ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007453","article-title":"TAPES: a tool for assessment and prioritisation in exome studies","volume":"15","author":"Xavier","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0042","article-title":"Establishment of a simplified preparation","author":"Ernst","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14049","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049","article-title":"Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2019.03.003","article-title":"DoubletFinder: doublet detection in single-cell RNA sequencing data using artificial nearest neighbors","volume":"8","author":"McGinnis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"issue":"13","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data","volume":"184","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0046","first-page":"100141","article-title":"clusterProfiler 4.0: a universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innov Camb Mass."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0265-3","article-title":"Regulation of cell-type-specific transcriptomes by microRNA networks during human brain development","volume":"21","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"issue":"17","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108780","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108780","article-title":"Schwann cell precursors represent a neural crest-like state with biased multipotency","volume":"41","author":"Kastriti","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01236-3","article-title":"The landscape of tumor cell states and spatial organization in H3-K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma across age and location","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.10.029","article-title":"Intracranial intraparenchymal and intraventricular schwannomas: report of 18 cases","volume":"115","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808928","article-title":"Benign mixed glial-mesenchymal tumour (\u201cglio-fibroma\u201d) of the spinal cord","volume":"55","author":"Budka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-021-00461-y","article-title":"Recurrence of cervical intramedullary gliofibroma","volume":"7","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1124-7","article-title":"Differential expression and methylation of brain developmental genes define location-specific subsets of pilocytic astrocytoma","volume":"126","author":"Lambert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"6391","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/359162a0","article-title":"Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours","volume":"359","author":"Delattre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4608(96)00326-3","article-title":"Multiple chromosomal mechanisms generate an EWS\/FLI1 or an EWS\/ERG fusion gene in Ewing tumors","volume":"97","author":"Desmaze","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet."},{"issue":"24","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245750","article-title":"EWSR1::ATF1 orchestrates the clear cell sarcoma transcriptome in human tumors and a mouse genetic model","volume":"15","author":"Ozenberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02354-8","article-title":"PATZ1 fusions define a novel molecularly distinct neuroepithelial tumor entity with a broad histological spectrum","volume":"142","author":"Alhalabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12593","article-title":"Spinal cord astroblastoma with an EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as a high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration","volume":"46","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.23083","article-title":"Recurrent VGLL3 fusions define a distinctive subset of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with an indolent clinical course and striking predilection for the head and neck","volume":"61","author":"Agaimy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-022-03368-7","article-title":"RNA-sequencing of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas reveals a novel SND1::BRAF fusion and 3 different molecular aberrations with the potential to upregulate the TEAD1 gene including SEC23IP::VGLL3 and TEAD1::MRTFB gene fusions","volume":"481","author":"Klub\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Int J Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.007","article-title":"The Hippo signaling pathway coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by inactivating Yorkie, the Drosophila Homolog of YAP","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3458","article-title":"The Hippo pathway and human cancer","volume":"13","author":"Harvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00549-X","article-title":"hippo encodes a Ste-20 family protein kinase that restricts cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in conjunction with salvador and warts","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.05.002","article-title":"YAP and TAZ: a nexus for hippo signaling and beyond","volume":"25","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.037","article-title":"Regulation of the hippo-YAP pathway by G-protein-coupled receptor signaling","volume":"150","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216462110","article-title":"Regulation of Hippo pathway by mitogenic growth factors via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1","volume":"110","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.262816.115","article-title":"A YAP\/TAZ-induced feedback mechanism regulates Hippo pathway homeostasis","volume":"29","author":"Moroishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"26","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012781","article-title":"Vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3), a cofactor for TEAD transcription factors, promotes cancer cell proliferation by activating the Hippo pathway","volume":"295","author":"Hori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0069","first-page":"4807","article-title":"TONDU (TDU), a novel human protein related to the product of vestigial (vg) gene of Drosophila melanogaster interacts with vertebrate TEF factors and substitutes for Vg function in wing formation","volume":"126","author":"Vaudin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Camb Engl."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s004270050201","article-title":"Specific interactions between vestigial and scalloped are required to promote wing tissue proliferation in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"208","author":"Paumard-Rigal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Genes Evol."},{"key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01266","article-title":"Multiple roles of vestigial-like family members in tumor development","volume":"10","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188892","article-title":"Vestigial-like 1 (VGLL1): an ancient co-transcriptional activator linking wing, placenta, and tumor development","volume":"1878","author":"Sonnemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0073","first-page":"932","article-title":"VGLL4 is a transcriptional cofactor acting as a novel tumor suppressor via interacting with TEADs","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0074","first-page":"583","article-title":"Leveraging hot spots of TEAD-coregulator interactions in the design of direct small molecule protein-protein interaction disruptors targeting hippo pathway signaling","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Basel Switz"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0075","first-page":"1528","article-title":"Vestigial-like 3 is a novel Ets1 interacting partner and regulates trigeminal nerve formation and cranial neural crest migration","volume":"6","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24238","article-title":"Development of myelinating glia: an overview","volume":"70","author":"Cristobal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.2.0217","article-title":"Intracranial parenchymal schwannoma. A clinicopathological and neuroimaging study of nine cases","volume":"79","author":"Casadei","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052712362462200_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197110000-00005","article-title":"Schwann cells and peripheral myelin within human central nervous tissues: the mesenchymal character of Schwann cells","volume":"30","author":"Feigin","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."}],"container-title":["Neuro-Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/neuro-oncology\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noae269\/61265513\/noae269.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/neuro-oncology\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/1031\/61265513\/noae269.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/neuro-oncology\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/1031\/61265513\/noae269.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T12:36:47Z","timestamp":1748349407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/neuro-oncology\/article\/27\/4\/1031\/7931394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noae269","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-8517","1523-5866"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-8517","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-5866","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]}}}