{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:28:26Z","timestamp":1791844106345,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T020504\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T020504\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrated Biological Imaging Network"},{"name":"Yorkshire\u2019s Brain Tumour Charity and OSCARs Paediatric Brain Tumour Charity"},{"name":"British Neuropathology Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive adult brain cancer, comprises a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) with diverse cellular interactions that drive progression and pathobiology. The aim of this study was to understand how these spatial patterns and interactions evolve with treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore these relationships, we employed imaging mass cytometry to measure the expression of 34 protein markers, enabling the identification of GBM-specific cell types and their interactions at the single-cell protein level in paired primary (pre-treatment) and recurrent (post-treatment) GBM samples from five patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find a significant post-treatment increase in normal brain cells alongside a reduction in vascular cells. Moreover, despite minimal overall change in cellular diversity, interactions among astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells increase post-treatment, suggesting reorganization of the TME. The GBM TME cells form spatially organized layers driven by hypoxia pre-treatment, but this influence diminishes post-treatment, giving way to less organized layers with organization driven by reactive astrocytes and lymphocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide insight into treatment-induced shifts in GBM\u2019s cellular landscape, highlighting aspects of the evolving TME that appear to facilitate recurrence and are, therefore, potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T11:35:37Z","timestamp":1754480137000},"page":"3145-3160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spatial profiling of longitudinal glioblastoma reveals consistent changes in cellular architecture, 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