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While supramaximal resection has recently provided survival benefits, therapeutic profiling of different tumor compartments, particularly its infiltrative edge remains largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we leveraged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided multi-sampling, collecting 2 cores and 2 margins per case, to query GBM heterogeneity. Whole-exome and RNA-seq with drug testing in two patient-derived 3D models were used to reveal similarities and differences in genomic and transcriptomic makeups, cellular compositions, and drug responses across cores and margins. Bioinformatics interrogations further identified response biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mutation analysis showed that oncogenes exhibited a higher degree of spatial heterogeneity than tumor suppressor genes, regardless of MRI status. While the mesenchymal transcriptional subtype with extracellular matrix remodeling, stress response, and immune programs were preferentially enriched in enhancing cores, proneural tumors with neurological processes favored non-enhancing margins. Using a 15-drug GBM-targeted panel, ERK (ulixertinib) and PI3K pathway (paxalisib, CC-115) inhibitors showed preferential efficacy in enhancing cores and non-enhancing margins, respectively. The anti-apoptosis, pan-Bcl2 agent navitoclax and the epigenetic drug trotabresib represented the most effective, tumor-wide monotherapies. Importantly, drug combinations generally outperformed single agents across all regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work demonstrates the regional heterogeneity of therapeutic vulnerabilities in GBM ex vivo, showing various drugs with tumor-wide or MRI-enhancement informed activity. These findings offer preclinical bases of numerous monotherapies and drug combinations for future clinical trial design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noag139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:07:31Z","timestamp":1781550451000},"page":"2136-2152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-sampling allows intra-tumoral heterogeneity querying and vulnerability profiling in glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Diogo Moniz","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Florida , Jacksonville, FL,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University , St. Louis, 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