{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T16:27:37Z","timestamp":1793896057038,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon Europe\/Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Action co-fund","award":["101081481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101081481"]}]},{"name":"the Irene Stichting, and the Swedish Childhood Cancer Fund","award":["FT2023-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT2023-0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to poorer neurocognitive development in the general population, but these effects in pediatric brain tumor survivors are underexplored. We examined the relationship between parental SES, clinical factors, and neurocognitive functioning longitudinally up to 5 years post-diagnosis and determined whether young children were more vulnerable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This population-based registry study included Swedish children diagnosed with brain tumors between 2008 and 2023 and who completed \u22652 neurocognitive assessments. Parental education, occupation, and household income were used as individual SES indicators as well as a combined SES measure. Linear mixed models examined relationships between SES and age at diagnosis on neurocognitive outcomes, accounting for time since diagnosis, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 461 children (mean age at diagnosis = 7.98 years, SD\u2009=\u20094.01). Higher SES was associated with higher neurocognitive z-scores on processing speed (B\u2009=\u20090.23), working memory (B\u2009=\u20090.25), nonverbal reasoning (B\u2009=\u20090.29), verbal reasoning (B\u2009=\u20090.41), and global cognition (B\u2009=\u20090.42; q\u2019s\u2009\u2264\u2009.039). No interactions between SES and age or time were observed. Longer time since diagnosis was associated with lower processing speed (B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.04) and verbal reasoning (B = \u22120.05; q\u2019s\u2009\u2264\u2009.041). Younger age at diagnosis was related to steeper declines in nonverbal reasoning (B\u2009=\u20090.01, q = .016). Cranio-spinal irradiation was related to lower processing speed (B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.50, q\u2009=\u2009.019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Swedish childhood brain tumor survivors, lower SES was associated with poorer neurocognitive functioning over time. The absence of socioeconomic differences in rate of decline suggests that lower SES may reduce baseline cognitive reserve rather than amplifying disease or treatment-related toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noag253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:47:32Z","timestamp":1791460052000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic status and longitudinal neurocognitive outcomes following childhood brain tumor diagnosis: A\u00a0Swedish national population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8924-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Beamish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht,","place":["The 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University Hospital , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7260-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joukje","family":"Willemsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Mogensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Tonning Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1018-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marita","family":"Partanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecht,","place":["The 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