{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1790655742572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Brain Tumor Tissue Consortium"},{"name":"Cancer Dream Team Translational Research Grant","award":["SU2C-AACR-DT-27-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU2C-AACR-DT-27-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The field of cancer immunotherapy has progressed at an accelerated rate over the past decade. Pediatric brain tumors thus far have presented a formidable challenge for immunotherapy development, given their typically low mutational burden, location behind the blood\u2013brain barrier in a unique tumor microenvironment, and intratumoral heterogeneity. Despite these challenges, recent developments in the field have resulted in exciting preclinical evidence for various immunotherapies and multiple clinical trials. This work reviews the history and advances in active immunotherapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapy for pediatric brain tumors, including ongoing clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T15:17:47Z","timestamp":1556896667000},"page":"1226-1238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: past and present"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jessica B","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Cancer Center, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Cancer Center, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina A","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Maris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip B","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0571-2889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela J","family":"Waanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Ann & Robert H. 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