{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:46:58Z","timestamp":1786124818775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg.","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement remains the primary treatment modality for children with hydrocephalus. However, morbidity and revision surgery secondary to infection remains high, even while using antibiotic-impregnated shunts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether intraoperative injection of antibiotics is independently associated with reduced rates of infection and revision surgery in children undergoing shunt placement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is an analysis of a prospectively collected, multicenter, shunt-specific neurosurgical registry consisting of data from over 100 hospitals collected between 2016 and 2017. All patients under 18 yr of age undergoing first-time shunt placement for the definitive treatment of hydrocephalus were included. The primary exposure of interest was injection of intraventricular antibiotics into the shunt catheter following shunt placement and prior to closure. The use of additional surgical adjuncts, such as antibiotic-impregnated shunts, stereotactic guidance, and endoscopy was collected. The primary outcome metric was the need for additional intervention because of an infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2007 pediatric patients undergoing shunt placement for hydrocephalus were identified. Postoperatively, 97 (4.8%) patients had additional intervention. In a multivariable regression model controlling for patient characteristics, etiology of hydrocephalus, prior temporizing measures, and placement of an antibiotic-impregnated shunt, injection of intraventricular antibiotics was associated with a significant reduction in postoperative infections (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a00.29, 95% CI: 0.04-0.89,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.038). Of those receiving intraventricular antibiotics, only 2 (0.38%) went on to undergo re-intervention due to infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that for this select group of patients, use of intraventricular antibiotics was associated with decreased rates of re-intervention secondary to infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T23:13:47Z","timestamp":1598224427000},"page":"301-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of Prophylactic Intraventricular Antibiotics in Reducing the Incidence of Infection and Revision Surgery in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Shunt Placement"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Nikita","family":"Lakomkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinos G","family":"Hadjipanayis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10020","key":"bib1-20231012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"bib2-20231012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00337","article-title":"Predictors associated with post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients with head injury undergoing unilateral decompressive craniectomy","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib3-20231012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14322","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 2: management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants","volume":"14","author":"Mazzola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib4-20231012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14321","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. 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