{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:49:05Z","timestamp":1786124945118,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg.","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During focused ultrasound ablation (FUSA), the presumed stereotactic target is tested with subthreshold sonications before permanent ablation. This testing relies on ultrasound-induced reversible clinical effects (thermal neuromodulation, TN). However, the thermal dose and spot size thresholds to induce TN are not yet defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To define the thermal dose and spot size thresholds associated with TN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of intraoperative FUSA data of essential tremor patients. Sonications with a thermal dose of less than 25 cumulative equivalent minutes (CEM) were classified as subthreshold. The intraoperative writing samples were independently rated by 2 raters using the clinical rating scale for tremor. The association between thermal dose and tremor scores was statistically analyzed, and the thermal dose and spot size thresholds for TN were computed using leave-one-out cross-validation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 331 pairs of sonications and writing samples were analyzed; 97 were classified as subthreshold sonications. TN was observed in 23 (24%) subthreshold sonications. The median tremor improvement during TN was 20% (interquartile range\u00a0=\u00a041.6). The thermal dose threshold for TN was 0.67 CEM (equivalent to 30 s thermal exposure at 43\u00b0C). The spot size threshold for TN was 2.46\u00a0mm. Ventral intermediate medial nucleus was exposed to TN thermal dose during subablative and ablative sonications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TN thermal dose and spot size thresholds are significantly higher than the current FUSA standard of care. We recommend long duration (&gt;30 s), subthreshold sonications for intraoperative testing during FUSA. Future investigations should test whether the thermal dose threshold is tissue-specific and determine the mechanisms underlying focused ultrasound TN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T23:14:40Z","timestamp":1623712480000},"page":"610-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Thermal Neuromodulation With Focused Ultrasound: Implications for the Technique of Subthreshold Testing"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sammartino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of 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