{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:49:24Z","timestamp":1794242964305,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg.","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growing evidence associates traumatic brain injury (TBI) with increased risk of dementia, but few studies have evaluated associations in patients younger than 55 yr using non-TBI orthopedic trauma (NTOT) patients as controls to investigate the influence of age and TBI severity, and to identify predictors of dementia after trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between TBI and dementia in an institutional group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study (2000-2018) of TBI patients aged 45 to 100 yr vs NTOT controls. Primary outcome was dementia after TBI (followed \u226410 yr). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess risk of dementia; logistic regression models assessed predictors of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 24\u2009846 patients, TBI patients developed dementia (7.5%\u00a0vs 4.6%) at a younger age (78.6\u00a0vs 82.7 yr) and demonstrated higher 10-yr mortality than controls (27%\u00a0vs 14%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Mild TBI patients had higher incidence of dementia (9%) than moderate\/severe TBI (5.4%), with lower 10-yr mortality (20%\u00a0vs 31%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Risk of dementia was significant in all mild TBI age groups, even 45 to 54 yr (hazard ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.7-7.8). A total of 10-yr cumulative incidence was higher in mild TBI (14.4%) than moderate\/severe TBI (11.3%) and controls (6.8%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Predictors of dementia include TBI, sex, age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, depression, anxiety, and Injury Severity Score.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild and moderate\/severe TBI patients experienced higher incidence of dementia, even in the youngest group (45-54 yr old), than NTOT controls. All TBI patients, especially middle-aged adults with minor injury who are more likely to be overlooked, should be monitored for dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T15:11:24Z","timestamp":1626448284000},"page":"810-818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Impact of Age and Severity on Dementia After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comparison Study"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany M","family":"Stopa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center at Harvard, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5342-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zabreen","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0486-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Mezzalira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center at Harvard, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Boaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center at Harvard, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Universiy of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1741-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaz","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6961-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Grashow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Football Players Healthy Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-796X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross D","family":"Zafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Football Players Healthy Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center at Harvard, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 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