{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:32:30Z","timestamp":1792794750775,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NEUROSURGERY","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Painful terminal neuromas resulting from nerve injury following amputation are common. However, there is currently no universally accepted gold standard of treatment for this condition. A comprehensive literature review is presented on the treatment of terminal neuromas. Four categories of terminal neuroma surgical procedures are assessed: epineurial closure; nerve transposition with implantation; neurorrhaphy, and alternate target reinnervation. Significant patient and case studies are highlighted in each section, focusing on surgical technique and patient outcome metrics. Studies presented consisted of a PubMed search for \u201cterminal neuromas,\u201d without year limitation. The current available research supports the use of implantation into muscle for the surgical treatment of terminal neuromas. However, this technique has several fundamental flaws that limit its utility, as it does not address the underlying physiology behind neuroma formation. Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces and targeted muscle reinnervation are 2 techniques that seem to offer the most promise in preventing and treating terminal neuroma formation. Both techniques are also capable of generating control signals which can be used for both motor and sensory prosthetic control. Such technology has the potential to lead to the future restoration of lost limb function in amputees. Further clinical research employing larger patient groups with high-quality control groups and reproducible outcome measures is needed to determine the most effective and beneficial surgical treatment for terminal neuromas. Primary focus should be placed on investigating techniques that most closely approximate the theoretically ideal neuroma treatment, including targeted muscle reinnervation and regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]],"date-time":"2017-10-27T15:11:30Z","timestamp":1509117090000},"page":"354-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Current State of the Surgical Treatment of Terminal Neuromas"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Graham C","family":"Ives","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore A","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao Tram","family":"Nghiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C","family":"Ursu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S","family":"Cederna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W P","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.005","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050","volume":"89","author":"Ziegler-Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med 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