{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:45:03Z","timestamp":1786124703244,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NEUROSURGERY","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The early principles of spinal fusion in the adolescent population focused on preventing progression while simultaneously correcting the spinal deformity. These principles have remained relatively unchanged since their introduction more than a century ago, but recent improvements in imaging, instrumentation, and corrective techniques have provided new insight on the diagnosis, management, and postoperative care of this condition. Treatment options for the management of patients with early onset scoliosis have also evolved dramatically over the last 2 decades. Further knowledge on the physiology of lung development and the detrimental effects of early fusion in the early onset scoliosis population has led to the development of growth friendly implants and other surgical techniques that allow correction of the deformity while maintaining spine, lung, and chest wall development. The following is an overview of current techniques on the management of adolescent idiopathic and early onset scoliosis to help provide guidance on the available surgical alternatives to address these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T07:38:52Z","timestamp":1531553932000},"page":"291-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Modern Surgical Management of Early Onset and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Eduardo C","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C E","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20231011","first-page":"115","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: prevalence and natural history","volume":"38","author":"Weinstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860020-00005","article-title":"Scoliosis","volume":"60","author":"Rogala","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8934","key":"bib3-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90572-X","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"344","author":"Lonstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib4-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466070-00013","article-title":"The prediction of curve progression in untreated idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"66","author":"Lonstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000073","article-title":"A classification of growth friendly spine implants","volume":"34","author":"Skaggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.01.002","article-title":"Early onset scoliosis consensus statement, SRS growing spine committee, 2015","volume":"3","author":"Skaggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355050-00006","article-title":"A genetic survey of idiopathic scoliosis in Boston, Massachusetts","volume":"55","author":"Riseborough","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676808989664","article-title":"A long term follow-up study of non-treated scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Nachemson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199209000-00014","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with untreated scoliosis a study of mortality, causes of death, and symptoms","volume":"17","author":"Pehrsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.41B4.719","article-title":"Infantile structural scoliosis","volume":"41","author":"James","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib11-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00253","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the classification of Early-Onset scoliosis (C-EOS)","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000688","article-title":"Classification of early onset scoliosis has excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability","volume":"37","author":"Cyr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000682","article-title":"The classification for Early-Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS) correlates with the speed of vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) proximal anchor failure","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200212000-00016","article-title":"Prevalence of neural axis abnormalities in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"84","author":"Dobbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib15-20231011","first-page":"E841","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of congenital scoliosis associated anomalies and genetic diagnoses","volume":"42","author":"Beauregard-Lacroix","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib16-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31827ed125","article-title":"Abnormalities associated with congenital scoliosis","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib17-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254070-00007","article-title":"Evaluation of kidney anomalies in congenital scoliosis","volume":"54","author":"MacEwen","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198506000-00004","article-title":"Standing and supine Cobb measures in girls with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Torell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200103000-00025","article-title":"Measurement of vertebral rotation in standing versus supine position in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"21","author":"Yazici","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib21-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815a5269","article-title":"The reliability of preoperative supine radiographs to predict the amount of curve flexibility in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"32","author":"Cheh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib22-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bdcaa4","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of spinal deformities","volume":"35","author":"Deschenes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3960-8","article-title":"EOS microdose protocol for the radiological follow-up of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"25","author":"Ilharreborde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib24-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0106-7","article-title":"Radiation dose of digital radiography (DR) versus micro-dose x-ray (EOS) on patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 2016 SOSORT- IRSSD \u201cJohn Sevastic Award\u201d winner in imaging research","volume":"11","author":"Hui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00004","article-title":"Predicting scoliosis progression from skeletal maturity: a simplified classification during adolescence","volume":"90","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib26-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200108000-00006","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"83","author":"Lenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib27-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000952","article-title":"Prediction of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"40","author":"Sitoula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib28-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199405000-00007","article-title":"Syringomyelia and scoliosis: a review of twenty-five pediatric patients","volume":"14","author":"Charry","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B5.7559706","article-title":"Absent superficial abdominal reflexes in children with scoliosis. An early indicator of syringomyelia","volume":"77","author":"Zadeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"bib30-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206001-00008","article-title":"Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic scoliosis patients less than eleven years of age","volume":"17","author":"Lewonowski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B2.0780314","article-title":"MRI of \u2018idiopathic\u2019 juvenile scoliosis. A prospective study","volume":"78","author":"Evans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib32-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.4.0513","article-title":"Terminal syringohydromyelia and occult spinal dysraphism","volume":"81","author":"Iskandar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib33-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181da218c","article-title":"Use and outcome of MRI in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Diab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200207000-00013","article-title":"Sagittal profiles of the spine in scoliosis associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation with or without syringomyelia","volume":"22","author":"Loder","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000149075.96242.0e","article-title":"Preoperative MRI analysis of patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Inoue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib36-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1102155","article-title":"Defining safe use of anesthesia in children","volume":"364","author":"Rappaport","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib37-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1102479","article-title":"Anesthesia in children: limitations of the data on neurotoxicity","volume":"364","author":"Glass","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib38-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-015-2030-z","article-title":"Association between childhood exposure to single general anesthesia and neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib39-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000150482.26918.d8","article-title":"Accuracy and efficacy of thoracic pedicle screws in curves more than 90\u00b0","volume":"30","author":"Kuklo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib40-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506020-00012","article-title":"Segmental pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of thoracic idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"20","author":"Suk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib41-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109150-00022","article-title":"Thoracic pedicle screw fixation in spinal deformities","volume":"26","author":"Suk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib42-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000109983.12113.9B","article-title":"Free hand pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine: is it safe?","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib43-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f3a326","article-title":"Complications in the surgical treatment of 19,360 cases of pediatric scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Reames","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib44-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E465","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d1021a","article-title":"Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery","volume":"35","author":"Hicks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib45-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.04.001","article-title":"Intraoperative image guidance compared with free-hand methods in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis posterior spinal surgery: a systematic review on screw-related complications and breach rates","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib46-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2014.06.010","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of early onset scoliosis","volume":"45","author":"Sturn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0709","article-title":"Early-onset scoliosis: A review of history, current treatment, and future directions","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib48-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515575745","article-title":"The efficacy of three-dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Kuru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib49-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E883","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829459f8","article-title":"Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"38","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib50-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307337","article-title":"Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"369","author":"Weinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib51-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.03.006","article-title":"Casting and traction treatment methods for scoliosis","volume":"38","author":"D\u2019Astous","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib52-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B9.16124","article-title":"Growth as a corrective force in the early treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis","volume":"87","author":"Mehta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib53-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181b2f8df","article-title":"Derotational casting for progressive infantile scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Sanders","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib54-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318269c438","article-title":"The role of serial casting in early-onset scoliosis (EOS)","volume":"32","author":"Baulesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib55-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.54B2.230","article-title":"The rib-vertebra angle in the early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis","volume":"54","author":"Mehta","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib56-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2046-5","article-title":"The impact of halo-gravity traction on curve rigidity and pulmonary function in the treatment of severe and rigid scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis: a clinical study and narrative review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Koller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e32836486b6","article-title":"The results of preoperative halo-gravity traction in children with severe spinal deformity","volume":"23","author":"Garabekyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib58-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000153707.80497.a2","article-title":"Perioperative halo-gravity traction in the treatment of severe scoliosis and kyphosis","volume":"30","author":"Rinella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib59-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200107000-00020","article-title":"Efficacy of perioperative halo-gravity traction in the treatment of severe scoliosis in children","volume":"21","author":"Sink","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib60-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2016.09.021","article-title":"Efficacy of preoperative halo gravity traction in children with severe early onset scoliosis","volume":"4","author":"Kiely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib61-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4848-y","article-title":"Halo-gravity traction in the treatment of severe spinal deformity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"bib62-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e3180686b30","article-title":"The classic: an operation for progressive spinal deformities: a preliminary report of three cases from the service of the orthopaedic hospital","volume":"460","author":"Hibbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib63-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196244040-00001","article-title":"Treatment of scoliosis","volume":"44-A","author":"Harrington","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib64-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000238965.81013.c5","article-title":"Anterior\/posterior spinal instrumentation versus posterior instrumentation alone for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliotic curves more than 90\u00b0","volume":"31","author":"Dobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib65-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000179261.70845.b7","article-title":"Apical sublaminar wires versus pedicle screws\u2013which provides better results for surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib66-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000197865.20803.d4","article-title":"Comparative analysis of pedicle screw versus hybrid instrumentation in posterior spinal fusion of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib67-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264030-00013","article-title":"The results of spinal arthrodesis for congenital spinal deformity in patients younger than five years old","volume":"64","author":"Winter","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib68-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.04.010","article-title":"Early onset scoliosis: a pulmonary perspective","volume":"2","author":"Redding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib69-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00184","article-title":"Pulmonary function following early thoracic fusion in non-neuromuscular scoliosis","volume":"90","author":"Karol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib70-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000084627.57308.4A","article-title":"Posterior hemivertebra resection with transpedicular instrumentation: early correction in children aged 1 to 6 years","volume":"28","author":"Ruf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib71-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318233f4bb","article-title":"Efficacy of hemivertebra resection for congenital scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Yaszay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bib72-20231011","first-page":"271","article-title":"End fusions in the treatment of some progressing or severe scoliosis in childhood or early adolescence","volume":"2","author":"Marchetti","year":"1978","journal-title":"Presented to the scoliosis research society"},{"key":"bib73-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198405000-00006","article-title":"Harrington instrumentation without fusion plus external orthotic support for the treatment of difficult curvature problems in young children","volume":"185","author":"Moe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib74-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199711000-00007","article-title":"Spinal instrumentation without fusion for progressive scoliosis in young children","volume":"17","author":"Klemme","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"suppl 17","key":"bib75-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000175190.08134.73","article-title":"Dual growing rod technique for the treatment of progressive early-onset scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib76-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.031","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of different anchors (foundations) for the pediatric dual growing rod technique","volume":"8","author":"Mahar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib77-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.07.002","article-title":"The use of pedicle screws in children 10 years of age and younger with growing rods","volume":"2","author":"Myung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib78-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.04.001","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of 4 different foundation constructs commonly used in growing spine surgery: are rib anchors comparable to spine anchors?","volume":"2","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib79-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.09.039","article-title":"Proximal rib vs proximal spine anchors in growing rods: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Vitale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib80-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816c8b4e","article-title":"Dual growing rod technique followed for three to eleven years until final fusion","volume":"33","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib81-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181afe869","article-title":"Neurologic risk in growing rod spine surgery in early onset scoliosis","volume":"34","author":"Sankar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib82-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01471","article-title":"Complications of growing-rod treatment for early-onset scoliosis","volume":"92","author":"Bess","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib83-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.039","article-title":"Reducing radiation exposure in early-onset scoliosis surgery patients: novel use of ultrasonography to measure lengthening in magnetically-controlled growing rods","volume":"14","author":"Stokes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib84-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.10.044","article-title":"Clinical utility of ultrasound to prospectively monitor distraction of magnetically controlled growing rods","volume":"16","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib85-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.09.050","article-title":"Traditional growing rods versus magnetically controlled growing rods for the surgical treatment of early-onset scoliosis: A case-matched 2-year study","volume":"2","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"bib86-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S113633","article-title":"Cost analysis of magnetically controlled growing rods compared with traditional growing rods for early-onset scoliosis in the US: an integrated health care delivery system perspective","volume":"8","author":"Polly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinico Econ Outcomes Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib87-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c6edd7","article-title":"Comparison of complications among growing spinal implants","volume":"35","author":"Sankar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib88-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000179082.92712.89","article-title":"Comparison of single and dual growing rod techniques followed through definitive surgery","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib89-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.12.099","article-title":"Do magnetic growing rods have lower complication rates compared with conventional growing rods?","volume":"16","author":"Teoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib90-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e588","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000803","article-title":"Implant complications after magnetically controlled growing rods for early onset scoliosis","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib91-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199605150-00007","article-title":"Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth","volume":"21","author":"Stoked","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib92-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c6dff5","article-title":"Vertebral body stapling","volume":"35","author":"Betz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib93-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1305","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001135","article-title":"Vertebral body stapling for moderate juvenile and early adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"40","author":"Bumpass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib94-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02103","article-title":"The efficacy and integrity of shape memory alloy staples and bone anchors with ligament tethers in the fusionless treatment of experimental scoliosis","volume":"87","author":"Braun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib95-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000188267.66847.bf","article-title":"Multilevel spinal growth modulation with an anterolateral flexible tether in an immature bovine model","volume":"30","author":"Newton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib96-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000472","article-title":"Anterior vertebral body tethering for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Samdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib97-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01728","article-title":"Growth modulation by means of anterior tethering resulting in progressive correction of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"92","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib98-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000138280.43663.7b","article-title":"Compliance monitoring of brace treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Takemitsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib99-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199908010-00007","article-title":"Luque trolley and convex epiphysiodesis in the management of infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"24","author":"Pratt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib100-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199205000-00018","article-title":"The luque trolley revisited. review of nine cases requiring revision","volume":"17","author":"Mardjetko","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib101-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1783-4","article-title":"Surgical technique: modern luqu\u00e9 trolley, a self-growing rod technique","volume":"469","author":"Ouellet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib102-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01083","article-title":"Shilla growth guidance for early-onset scoliosis","volume":"97","author":"McCarthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib103-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200408000-00009","article-title":"The effect of opening wedge thoracostomy on thoracic insufficiency syndrome associated with fused ribs and congenital scoliosis","volume":"86","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib104-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.11.040","article-title":"Metal concentrations in the blood and tissues after implantation of titanium growth guidance sliding instrumentation","volume":"16","author":"Lukina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006123-201902000-00001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:44:31Z","timestamp":1786121071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006123-201902000-00001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyy267","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-396X","1524-4040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-396X","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4040","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]}}}