{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T18:00:56Z","timestamp":1786125656447,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg.","NEUROS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraoperative stimulation of the posterior inferior frontal lobe (IFL) induces speech arrest, which is often interpreted as demonstration of essential language function. However, prior reports have described \u201cnegative motor areas\u201d in the IFL, sites where stimulation halts ongoing limb motor activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the spatial and functional relationship between IFL speech arrest areas and negative motor areas (NMAs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, intraoperative stimulation mapping was performed to localize speech and motor function, as well as arrest of hand movement, hand posture, and guitar playing in a set of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for dominant hemisphere pathologies. The incidence and localization of speech arrest and motor inhibition was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven patients underwent intraoperative localization of speech arrest sites and inhibitory motor areas. A total of 17 speech arrest sites were identified in the dominant frontal lobe, and, of these, 5 sites (29.4%) were also identified as NMAs. Speech arrest and arrest of guitar playing was also evoked by a single IFL site in 1 subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inferior frontal gyrus speech arrest sites do not function solely in speech production. These findings provide further evidence for the complexity of language organization, and suggest the need for refined mapping strategies that discern between language-specific sites and inhibitory motor areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T15:08:10Z","timestamp":1542035290000},"page":"E496-E501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inhibition of Manual Movements at Speech Arrest Sites in the Posterior Inferior Frontal Lobe"],"prefix":"10.1227","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1964-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Breshears","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G","family":"Southwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.04.003","article-title":"The error of Broca: from the traditional localizationist concept to a connectomal anatomy of human brain","volume":"89","author":"Duffau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS132647","article-title":"Contemporary model of language organization: an overview for neurosurgeons","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib3-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.08.004","article-title":"Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology","volume":"162","author":"Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib4-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414491112","article-title":"Redefining the role of Broca's area in speech","volume":"112","author":"Flinker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6605","key":"bib5-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/384159a0","article-title":"A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation","volume":"384","author":"Dronkers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.2.0311","article-title":"Preoperative correlation of intraoperative cortical mapping with magnetic resonance imaging landmarks to predict localization of the Broca area","volume":"99","author":"Qui\u00f1ones-Hinojosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198911000-00015","article-title":"Brain mapping techniques to maximize resection, safety, and seizure control in children with brain tumors","volume":"25","author":"Berger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8-20231011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.71.3.0316","article-title":"Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. 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