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Cognitive impairment is among the most common and clinically significant symptoms managed by cancer survivors, which negatively impacts quality of life, functional and occupational status for patients and their care partners. Cancer-related cognitive impairment is often multifactorial\u2014impacted by patient and cancer-specific factors. For systemic (non-CNS) malignancies, cognitive impairment has been identified in up to 75%, depending on cohort, which persists in up to 35% of patients in the years following initial treatment. The most common areas of impairment include memory and processing speed, and executive function. These adverse effects of cancer treatment have been reported after chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. This review will summarize existing knowledge regarding the nature and pattern of cognitive changes, mechanisms and risk factors underlying these changes, and biomarkers to support identification of this adverse consequence of cancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:58:28Z","timestamp":1773932308000},"page":"37-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cancer treatment\u2013related cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan J","family":"Neth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne B","family":"Schagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S","family":"Wefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062204515876300_vdag064-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 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