{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T13:23:58Z","timestamp":1792934638694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":124,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 CA245705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 CA245705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35 NS127035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 NS127035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007311","name":"Cleveland Clinic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008533","name":"Case Comprehensive Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Crile Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001453","name":"American Brain Tumor Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VeloSano Postdoctoral Fellowship"},{"name":"Ramon Areces Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is 1.6 times more common in males, who also have a shorter survival. Recent evidence has demonstrated sex differences in the immune response to GBM. While preclinical models are often used to interrogate GBM, resection is often not performed, despite its role in standard of care. It is also unclear how biological sex impacts outcome after resection in preclinical models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address this question, we developed a preclinical resection model in which mice were implanted with syngeneic GBM cells and underwent tumor resection. RNA sequencing was used to characterize transcriptional changes, immune phenotype was investigated via flow cytometry, and patient outcomes were analyzed using the National Cancer Database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an immunocompetent model, females survived longer than males post-resection. The survival bias favoring females was abrogated in immunocompromised mice, suggesting an immune-mediated mechanism for prolonged survival in female mice. After resection, immunocompetent female mice had higher immune cell infiltration in the resection cavity, and males had notably decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs). Correspondingly, when Tregs were depleted in both male and female mice, the sex bias was abrogated. Finally, GBM patients did not display a survival sex bias post-biopsy, but in patients who underwent resection, females survived longer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate an immune-dependent sex bias in survival post-resection and suggest that Tregs may serve a protective role for survival post-operatively. These data underscore the complexity of sex bias and the immune response in GBM and the need to account for biological sex and resection in preclinical models to investigate next-generation therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:20:23Z","timestamp":1777638023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Females experience a greater benefit from surgical resection in an immune-dependent manner in a preclinical glioblastoma model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Josephine","family":"Volovetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Research, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, 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Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quinn T","family":"Ostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Ann Pittman","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Research, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, 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Clinic Research, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Bukenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Research, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E","family":"Mulkearns-Hubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Research, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 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