{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:08:44Z","timestamp":1784830124047,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":189,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustained immune surveillance at tumor sites is considered essential for effective cancer immunotherapy; however, direct evidence of immune surveillance in humans is limited due to difficulty obtaining tumor and peritumoral tissues through invasive procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peritumoral brain tissue was obtained during reoperation from a patient with diffuse astrocytoma who had received continuous Wilms\u2019 tumor gene 1 (WT1) peptide vaccination for 20 years. WT1 tetramer-positive CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, followed by T-cell receptor repertoire analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high level of T-cell infiltration was observed in peritumoral brain tissue, despite the immune-privileged nature of the central nervous system. Notably, 38.4% of CD8+ \u2009T cells were WT1-tetramer positive, exhibiting an oligoclonal pattern similar to that observed in peripheral blood. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were predominantly composed of resident memory T cells (Trm) and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA), along with a small fraction of cycling T cells. Interestingly, Trm-like subsets were also detected among WT1-specific CTLs in peripheral blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide in situ evidence of long-term persistence of WT1-specific CTLs in the human brain by continuous WT1 peptide vaccination. Such local immune surveillance may have contributed to the prevention of relapse in this patient. Single-cell RNA sequencing suggests that long-lived Trm may contribute to the persistence of immune surveillance through self-renewal and generation of cytotoxic TEMRA. This study offers insights into long-term anti-tumor immunity and may inform future optimization of cancer vaccine therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:35:46Z","timestamp":1783424146000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Twenty-year persistence of WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in peritumoral brain tissue by peptide vaccine therapy: Transcriptomic evidence for resident memory T-cell induction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7494-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Nakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka , 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