{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:07:43Z","timestamp":1792786063670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":277,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AOA Kuckein Fellowship Award\u2014Photodynamic"},{"name":"Florida Center for Brain Tumor Research and Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure Grant","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fsqj683","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Using Human Brain Organoids as a Novel Invasion Model for Testing Targets of Glioma Invasion"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (5-ALA PDT) is a promising therapy for glioblastoma (GBM). 5-ALA induces tumor-selective accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). Photoactivation of PPIX induces reactive oxygen species generation and tumor cell death. Glioma stem-like cells (GSC) are hypothesized to be resistant to standard therapies and contribute to GBM recurrence. Differential PPIX accumulation in GSC could lead to treatment resistance. We investigated if chemotherapeutics currently utilized in GBM treatment, temozolomide (TMZ) and bis-chloroethylnitrosurea (BCNU), could potentiate 5-ALA PDT killing of GSC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient-derived GSC lines were established. PPIX accumulation was assessed with flow cytometry. 5-ALA metabolic enzyme mRNA expression was measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). BCNU or TMZ was co-administered with 5-ALA prior to laser irradiation. The effect of combination therapy was evaluated using Loewe combination index analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three GSC lines were exposed to 5-ALA in vitro. Peak PPIX fluorescence levels differed significantly between two cell lines (\u201chigh-\u201d and \u201clow-fluorescing\u201d GSC); there were no significant differences in 5-ALA metabolism enzyme expression between these. PPIX fluorescence correlated with GSC susceptibility to 5-ALA PDT. TMZ did not affect 5-ALA PDT efficacy. BCNU and 5-ALA PDT worked synergistically in low-fluorescing, but not in high-fluorescing, GSC. In high-fluorescing GSC, BCNU upregulated heme-oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression, an enzyme that promotes PPIX catabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report the effect of combination chemotherapy and 5-ALA PDT on GSC viability, demonstrating the potential for BCNU and 5-ALA PDT to work synergistically. We speculate that HMOX1 upregulation by BCNU could mitigate this effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:43:25Z","timestamp":1790941405000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combination chemotherapy potentiates 5-aminolevulic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy killing of patient-derived glioma stem-like cells\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alexa M","family":"Semonche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Slepak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pascoini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jermakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G","family":"Eichberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pastori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vratko","family":"Himic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish H","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo J","family":"Komotar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E","family":"Ivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2012.06.003","article-title":"Gefitinib enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid in malignant brain tumor cells","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09853-z","article-title":"Stem cell-associated heterogeneity in glioblastoma results from intrinsic tumor plasticity shaped by the microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Dirkse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320611111","article-title":"Single cell-derived clonal analysis of human glioblastoma links functional and genomic heterogeneity","volume":"112","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.JNS19364","article-title":"Molecular and cellular intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma: clinical and translational implications","volume":"133","author":"Bernstock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22933","article-title":"5-ALA in the management of malignant glioma","volume":"50","author":"Stepp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12952","article-title":"Apoptosis, paraptosis and autophagy: death and survival pathways associated with photodynamic therapy","volume":"95","author":"Kessel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03103-4","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas","volume":"141","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05655-8","article-title":"Butterfly gliomas: to biopsy or to ablate\u2014a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"178","author":"Himic","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23228","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy boosts anti-glioma immunity in mice: a dependence on the activities of T cells and complement C3","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.8.005040","article-title":"Photodynamic opening of blood-brain barrier","volume":"8","author":"Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05305-5","article-title":"Modulating the glioma microenvironment with laser interstitial thermal therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"176","author":"Vargas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000003951","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of laser interstitial thermal therapy for newly diagnosed deep-seated low-grade glioma: a pilot study comparing outcomes with a surgical cohort","author":"Shah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2026.109384","article-title":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy for intracranial dural-based lesions: a single center case series of 20 patients","volume":"265","author":"Knott","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-024-02012-w","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in combination with kinase inhibitor lapatinib enhances glioblastoma cell death","volume":"29","author":"Chandratre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.12.JNS231506","article-title":"Berberine as a potential enhancer for 5-ALA\u2013mediated fluorescence in glioblastoma: increasing detectability of infiltrating glioma stem cells to optimize 5-ALA\u2013guided surgery","volume":"141","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00968","article-title":"Development of a prodrug of camptothecin for enhanced treatment of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"18","author":"Checa-Chavarria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000929","article-title":"What is the surgical benefit of utilizing 5-aminolevulinic acid for fluorescence-guided surgery of malignant gliomas?","volume":"77","author":"Hadjipanayis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70665-9","article-title":"Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial","volume":"7","author":"Stummer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx074","article-title":"Randomized, prospective double-blinded study comparing 3 different doses of 5-aminolevulinic acid for fluorescence-guided resections of malignant gliomas","volume":"81","author":"Stummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20507","article-title":"Interstitial photodynamic therapy of nonresectable malignant glioma recurrences using 5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX","volume":"39","author":"Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22126","article-title":"Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and photobleaching during interstitial photodynamic therapy of malignant gliomas for early treatment prognosis","volume":"45","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03718-6","article-title":"Standardized intraoperative 5-ALA photodynamic therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients: a preliminary analysis of the INDYGO clinical trial","volume":"152","author":"Vermandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42070","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42070","article-title":"Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence detection of side population-defined glioma stem cells by iron chelation","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.043","article-title":"Human glioblastoma stem-like cells accumulate protoporphyrin IX when subjected to exogenous 5-aminolaevulinic acid, rendering them sensitive to photodynamic treatment","volume":"163","author":"Schimanski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.07.004","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy can target human glioma stem-like cells refractory to antineoplastic agents","volume":"24","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103119","article-title":"Ablation efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on human glioma stem cells","volume":"41","author":"Omura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181654","article-title":"ALA-PpIX mediated photodynamic therapy of malignant gliomas augmented by hypothermia","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-005-0047-7","article-title":"Optimal role of temozolomide in the treatment of malignant gliomas","volume":"5","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.3712","article-title":"Erastin sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by restraining xCT and cystathionine-\u03b3-lyase function","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14250","article-title":"Glutathione reductase mediates drug resistance in glioblastoma cells by regulating redox homeostasis","volume":"144","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.03.014","article-title":"Glioma stem cell lines expanded in adherent culture have tumor-specific phenotypes and are suitable for chemical and genetic screens","volume":"4","author":"Pollard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.01.017","article-title":"STAT3 and SOCS3 regulate NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after contusive spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Hackett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000891","article-title":"Maintenance of stemlike glioma cells and microglia in an organotypic glioma slice model","volume":"77","author":"Raju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt166","article-title":"Cancer stem cell contribution to glioblastoma invasiveness","volume":"4","author":"Ortensi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00379.x","article-title":"The utility and limitations of neurosphere assay, cd133 immunophenotyping and side population assay in glioma stem cell research","volume":"20","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8644","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221478110","article-title":"Mesenchymal glioma stem cells are maintained by activated glycolytic metabolism involving aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3","volume":"110","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86406","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13415","article-title":"Patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells respond differentially to targeted therapies","volume":"7","author":"Kanabur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0078-y","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma-molecular signaling and therapeutic targeting","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00799.x","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX levels in tissue of human malignant brain tumors","volume":"86","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122808","article-title":"Enhancing 5-ALA-PDT efficacy against resistant tumor cells: strategies and advances","volume":"351","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.009","article-title":"Expression of peptide transporter 1\u2009has a positive correlation in protoporphyrin IX accumulation induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid with photodynamic detection of non-small cell lung cancer and metastatic brain tumor specimens originating from non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Omoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00149","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.149","article-title":"Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape","volume":"3","author":"Foucquier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2223-0","article-title":"Role of Nrf2\/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Loboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10925","article-title":"Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells","volume":"94","author":"Poss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.05.006","article-title":"Carmustine induces ERK- and JNK-dependent cell death of neuronally-differentiated PC12 cells via generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"25","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology in Vitro"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.JNS23122","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of 5-aminolevulinic acid intraoperative labeling specificity for glioblastoma","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noag094","article-title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the tumor microenvironment of glioma and its implications for 5-aminolevulinic acid-based local tumor therapies: a review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"\u00d6zdemir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04347-w","article-title":"C5\u03b1 secreted by tumor mesenchymal stem-like cells mediates resistance to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma tumorspheres","volume":"149","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06108-9","article-title":"Association of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence guided resection with photodynamic therapy in recurrent glioblastoma: a matched cohort study","volume":"166","author":"da Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3618","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid strongly enhances delayed intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ionizing irradiation: quantitative analyses and visualization of intracellular ROS production in glioma cells in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2841","article-title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid enhances mitochondrial stress upon ionizing irradiation exposure and increases delayed production of reactive oxygen species and cell death in glioma cells","volume":"39","author":"Ueta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-025-02420-0","article-title":"5-aminolevulinic acid as\u00a0an emerging radiosensitizer for radiodynamic therapy in solid tumors:\u00a0a systematic review of available data and clinical potential","volume":"201","author":"Pepper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9762","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189762","article-title":"In vivo study of the efficacy and\u00a0safety of 5-aminolevulinic radiodynamic therapy for glioblastoma fractionated radiotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174244","article-title":"An orthotopic model of glioblastoma is resistant to radiodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"14","author":"Dupin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2649-8","article-title":"Local alkylating chemotherapy applied immediately after 5-ALA guided resection of glioblastoma does not provide additional benefit","volume":"136","author":"Sage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now137","article-title":"Stereotactic modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability to enhance drug delivery","volume":"18","author":"Appelboom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200900095","article-title":"Site-specific opening of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"3","author":"Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2026-339017","article-title":"Exploring the role of focused ultrasound in neurosurgery and neuro-oncology","author":"Himic","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.16183","article-title":"Beyond the barriers of light penetration: strategies, perspectives and possibilities for photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Mallidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40461","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.164046","article-title":"Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by temozolomide contributes to apoptosis in glioblastoma cells via p53 activation and mTORC1 inhibition","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100811571277300_vdag250-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-013-0877-8","article-title":"Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant R132H sensitizes glioma cells to BCNU-induced oxidative stress and cell death","volume":"18","author":"Mohrenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apoptosis"}],"container-title":["Neuro-Oncology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/noa\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag250\/71581627\/vdag250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/noa\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/vdag250\/71581627\/vdag250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/noa\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/vdag250\/71581627\/vdag250.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:57:19Z","timestamp":1791475039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/noa\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag250\/8860704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdag250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-2498"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-2498","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"vdag250"}}