{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:02:17Z","timestamp":1777561337426,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) comprises a group of neurological disorders that result from a misguided immune response to the nervous system triggered by a distant tumor. These disorders frequently manifest before the diagnosis of the underlying neoplasm. Since the first reported case in 1888 by Oppenheim, the knowledge in this area has evolved rapidly. Several classic PNS have been described, such as limbic encephalitis, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus, sensory neuronopathy, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome, and chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility. It is now recognized that PNS can have varied nonclassical manifestations that extend beyond the traditional syndromic descriptions. Multiple onconeural antibodies with high specificity for certain tumor types and neurological phenotypes have been discovered over the past 3 decades. Increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to increased recognition of neurologic ICI-related adverse events. Some of these resemble PNS. In this article, we review the clinical, oncologic, and immunopathogenic associations of PNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npab002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T11:42:24Z","timestamp":1614166944000},"page":"362-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: an evolving story"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jiraporn","family":"Jitprapaikulsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pritikanta","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smathorn","family":"Thakolwiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivam Om","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean J","family":"Pittock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory 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