{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:07:43Z","timestamp":1792786063871,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["T32GM008042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM008042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["T32GM152342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM152342"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","award":["F30CA284809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30CA284809"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA270027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA270027"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA279984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA279984"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA220732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA220732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","award":["P50CA211015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50CA211015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical management of patients with brain tumors, as well as the results of clinical trials testing new medications, require the evaluation of tumor changes on MR imaging. After tumor measurements are obtained, the AIRES software application can automatically apply the standardized RANO rules, to ultimately define when the tumor can be considered in a progression phase, as opposed to a stable phase, or in treatment response. This automated tool enables fast, reliable, and reproducible assessments, and therefore has the potential to reduce errors, streamline workflows, and lower costs by minimizing the resources required for training personnel and conducting reads. The standardized Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO), modified RANO (mRANO), and RANO 2.0 criteria are utilized for imaging endpoints in glioblastoma clinical trials. After measuring tumor size at each timepoint, the crucial step of categorizing progression, stable disease, and response based on numerical thresholds is currently done manually. \u201cManual\u201d RANO evaluations are time-consuming, error prone, and require dedicated training. Here, we present the features, installation, and usage of Automated Imaging Response Evaluation System (AIRES), a software application prototype that applies mRANO criteria using externally measured tumor sizes, clinical status, and corticosteroid dose. AIRES labels each timepoint with RANO categories and calculates progression-free survival and objective response rate. As a real-world application on clinical trial datasets, mRANO reads were performed on measurements from 367 brain MRI scans across 41 patients from NUTMEG (NCT04195139), a phase II multicenter clinical trial. Four readers with varying levels of experience achieved a percentage of fully correct RANO reads ranging from 49% to 76%, while AIRES reached 100%, compared to a fifth expert reader. AIRES-based reads were significantly faster than \u201cmanual\u201d reads by the expert (37.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.6 vs 107.7\u2009\u00b1\u200958.6 s, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001). AIRES is a reliable and time-efficient tool for mRANO assessments and may be adapted for RANO 2.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:25:24Z","timestamp":1778585124000},"page":"867-876","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automated imaging response evaluation system: Prototype software tool for standardized radiographic response assessment in glioblastoma clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3442-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Teraishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sanvito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sani","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander R","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashaar","family":"Hafizka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Wen","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas P","family":"Wachsmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1664-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eng-Siew","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merryn","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Hovey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui K","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital , Melbourne,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret O","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R","family":"Simes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarnie","family":"Lwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital , Brisbane,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Khasraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney , Sydney,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Salamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, 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glioblastoma","volume":"41","author":"Youssef","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026091601515788300_npag039-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad002","article-title":"Objective response rate targets for recurrent glioblastoma clinical trials based on the historic association between objective response rate and median overall survival","volume":"25","author":"Ellingson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2026091601515788300_npag039-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0507-6","article-title":"Modified criteria for radiographic response assessment in glioblastoma clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Ellingson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2026091601515788300_npag039-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01059","article-title":"RANO 2.0: update to the response assessment in neuro-oncology 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